Essay about Hatshepsut Fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth...

Hatshepsut had little to fear when she claimed the throne as Egypt’s King in the Eighteenth Dynasty. She did not commit acts of Hubris or infernal behaviors towards her stepson Thutmosis III. On the contrary, to the belief that she was a wicked stepmother and a usurper, she protected Thutmosis III’s succession to the throne. When her husband/brother, the former king Thutmosis II died unexpectedly and left Hatshepsut with the infant successor. She dutifully protected her families’ name-claim to the throne when she became Pharaoh. Thutmosis III was still a child when she decided to succeed her husband. Thutmosis III’s biological mother was not fit to be regent to her son because of her low status. However Hatshepsut, his stepmother†¦show more content†¦They could be legitimatized for the succession to the throne once they married a full blooded princess. She would become his â€Å"Principle Wife†, a title to distinguish the main wife with full royal-blood and mother to hopefully the next male heir from the lesser queens and concubines . Hatshepsut was a Crowned Princess with full royal-blood from her mother, Queen Amose. â€Å"Queen Amose was descended from a royal line so ancient that her earliest known ancestor was the sun† . Therefore Hatshepsut was a direct decedent of full royal-blood. Her role in life was to originally marry her half-brother, Thutmosis II to legitimize his succession after their father Thutmosis I. She would be her brother/husband’s Principle Wife and the Queen who would produce him a royal heir of full blooded royalty; hopefully a son. The Principle Wife role was an honorary position set by her ancestor who established the Eighteenth Dynasty, King Amose I . Hatshepsut perhaps learned about her ancestor and how he established a prosperous Dynasty for her family. She would have learned that women were very important. Her education about her ancestry and importance of her own blood may have contributed to her decision to become Pharaoh. The Seventeenth Dynasty was during Egypt’s chaotic Second Intermediate Period. Mainly Hyksos, a nomadic tribeShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Civilization And The Egyptian Empire1614 Words   |  7 Pagesin 30 BCE. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a three series of stable Kingdoms which are: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. In addition, Egypt s army was not equipped with bronze weapons, relying instead on copper weapons. Egyptian soldiers wore no armor. The idea behind the Egyptian empire was to create a buffer zone of people who had to pay tribute to the pharaoh. On the other side, over the timeRead MoreThe Great Nefertiti Essay1572 Words   |  7 PagesQueen Nefertiti, the most powerful woman in Egypt since the Pharaoh Hatshepsut 100 years earlier. She was as influential as she was beautiful, being a partner in power with her king and husband, Akhenaten. Together, the couple co-reigned over Egypt attempting to completely transform Egyptian religion. Though little is known about Nefertiti’s early life, it is believed that she was born around 1390 B.C.E. in the royal city of Thebes. Some say she is of Egyptian blood while others believed herRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 Pages The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization Another major shift occurred first in the plains along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the region the Greeks and Romans called Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), later in the valley of the Nile River in Egypt, and somewhat later in India and the Yellow River basin in China. Towns grew alongside villages, and some towns then grew into much larger urban centers. The urban centers, or cities, usually had monumental buildings, such as temples and fortifications

How To Analyze Films Essay - 2232 Words

Did you know it is more to film broadcasting than just visible viewing it? The ability to analyze films implicates closely examination of cinematography. Cinematography refers to the process in film of lighting a shot and achieving quality in the visual images that are captured. The cinematographer in any film is also known as the director of photography and may be either an artist or a technician. It is this individual who is responsible for ensuring that the images appearing on screen are presented to reflect the mood or the emotional effect and the style seen by the film director, producer, and writer as essential to conveying its meaning. The director of photography works closely with the director and interprets the action of the†¦show more content†¦(Boggs Petrie p. 9) One aspect of eliminating impartiality is to view a film in its proper environment. Try selecting an environment that is attractive and comfortable; preferably a theater with modern stadium seating and the upmost quality projection and audio sound equipment. As comfort and sound plays an immense role in how well we appreciate an experience. While viewing films try to restrain your comments and thoughts. Take mental notes and discuss them at a later time with others who shared your cinematic journey. As restraining your comments and thoughts avoid passing bias and negative viewpoint onto others. The basic approach to analyzing films as a whole is to keep in mind that when we are watching a film we cannot freeze for analysis. We have to concentrate on the interactions of image, sound, and motion that are present. In addition we have to accumulate impressions of the film effectiveness and maintain some degree of objectivity and critical detachment. Viewing films more than once usually help our analysis becomes easier. Another asset is to view in selective screen segments that exemplify the purpose and the interrelationship. Regardless of which option: single-viewing, double-viewing, or breaking the film into segments, one can virtually use the sameShow MoreRelatedEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper New831 Words   |  4 PagesENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper NEW To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/eng-225-ash/eng-225-week-5-film-critique-final-paper-new Focus of the Final Film Critique Throughout this course, you have been compiling a blog and writing essays that analyze various elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. It is now time to combine those elements into a comprehensive analysis of one movie. You will be completing this assignment in two stages:Read MoreEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper836 Words   |  4 PagesENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/eng-225/eng-225-week-5-film-critique-final-paper/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper Focus of the Final Film Critique Throughout this course, you have been compiling a blog and writing essays that analyze various elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. It is now time to combine those elements into a comprehensive analysis of one movieRead MoreFilm Analysis : Movie Of A Film 1233 Words   |  5 PagesFor anyone who has ever watched a film is a critic in some form. They judge various aspects based on personal feelings or attitudes, then state them for anybody to hear. I, the writer, am guilty of this type of film analysis. I based my ‘review’ of a film solely on how I felt the narrative evolved or how well the acting was done. I never considered why the rhetor of film choose certain details or what might have influenced the rhetor in the first place. However, through this course I was exposedRead MoreWeek 5- Final Film Critique1421 Words   |  6 PagesWeek 5 – Final Film Critique Byron Phillips ENG 225 Introduction to Film Instructor Hayes 11 May 2015 FINAL FILM CRITIQUE There’s no doubt that Star Wars is one of the most impactful films of all time, having changed the movie-making game ever since it premiered in 1977. It quickly became a global phenomenon and has accumulated some of the most passionate fans in the universe. Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope is a great example to use in order to illustrate the properties discussed throughoutRead MoreEssay about Jarhead: An Instrumental Film in American War Culture 1134 Words   |  5 Pagesconstruction of a marine. Through these themes, along with the unique perspectives offered by the characters in the film, the audience is able to gain insight into the corruption and lies that are â€Å"war†. This insight ultimately helps the audience analyze the text deeper and enables them to draw the similarities in current events and dissect what they hear and see throughout the film. The mentality is a solider is addressed throughout the movie. â€Å"This is my rifle. There were many like it but thisRead MoreScarface Analysis Essay1065 Words   |  5 PagesRaj Singh Mrs. Mccormick Film Class 12 February 2012 Scarface Analysis Essay The gangster movie genre is one of the most popular among the modern movies and some of the best film directors have produced some very excellent gangster movies. For my first film analysis, I decided to analyze my favorite gangster movie of all time. The movie that I analyzed is called â€Å"Scarface† and is directed by Brian De Palma. It was released in 1983 and is still a super hit movie today. Let me go throughRead MoreMy Beautiful Laundrette By Stephen Frear1302 Words   |  6 Pages Stephen Frear’s film, My Beautiful Laundrette portrays the struggle of intersecting sexuality, ethnicity, class, race and power. Omar, son of a Pakistani immigrant, is attracted to Johnny, a white English male. Their attraction and the subsequent relationship is looked down upon, both in England and Pakistan. Omar works for his uncle who lets him take over a laundrette in London while Johnny is initially unemployed and eventually works for Omar. Together, they make the laundre tte a successfulRead MoreCinema Class : An Example Of An Efficient And Extensive Discourse Community1479 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscourse community. Since the main goal of this community is to make films, there are plenty of opportunities provided to do just that. Film majors are often emailed exciting opportunities to go out and film things to gain experience. That’s the best part about this film class, it doesn’t only offer the typical lectures and readings, but also numerous opportunities to gain real filmmaking experience. In addition to making films, we get to meet real filmmakers outside of the classroom. There are frequentlyRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesdo not analyze media leaves us vulnerable to the desensitization of the messages and ideas they perpetuate. After analyzing multiple films such as Whiplash, Birdman, American Sniper, Snow White and the Huntsman, Project X and 21 Jump Street, Resident Evil, Underworld it was ev ident that women were negatively portrayed in films. Examples of such negative roles are that women are hypersexualized, cast in stereotypical roles and are considered less valuable because of age. Even though more films are castingRead MoreMovie Analysis : Like A Freak By Stephen Dubner And Steven Levitt920 Words   |  4 PagesAfter taking a college class that analyzes strategy, it has opened my eyes to the true virtues of people. My project was to contrast the strategies used by two documentary directors; Joshua Fox and Phelim McAleer. Fox directed Gasland and McAleer directed FrackNation. Reading Think Like A Freak by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, it was interesting to watch how both directors thought like freaks in their documentaries but it in polar opposite ways. Also, studying from the book of Strategy by Lawrence

The Buddhist Architecture Free Essays

The Buddhist architecture has a lot of history that comes along with the culture, India is known for being the center of Buddhism as well as the highlight Buddha teachings. Different parts of Buddha life is instilled in the architecture. According to â€Å"The Buddhist Architecture† (2007), â€Å"Caves or grottoes are the oldest form of the Buddhist architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on The Buddhist Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are also known as the rock-cut monasteries, which were hewn from the cliffs and rock walls of the valleys. In India, the most significant cave is Junta caves, near modern Arranged, Maharajah’s. † (Para. Two and Four). The caves had played a large part in the history of Buddhist architecture; it was more than Just a building or even a simple rock. According to â€Å"The Buddhist Architecture† (2007), â€Å"Pagodas are the principle form of Buddhist architecture, which are used as religious multistory Buddhist towers, erected as a memorial or shrine. The most important factor was Consciousness, which is the ultimate reality. † (Para. Two and Four). There are various buildings associated with religion, but the one that came out at the most in my search was, â€Å"Amphibian Temple,† this place is known or being a place where â€Å"Buddha† obtained inspiration and enlightenment. There were other temples in China called, â€Å"Ethane Temple†, â€Å"Lama Temple†, and † Gangue Temple† these temples hold a lot of education surrounding Buddhism and what it represents, it is an important place to be visited while in China. The Elder (2008) website â€Å"Numerous churches, monasteries, convents and shrines show sites connected with the earliest years of Christianity, and the life and ministry of Jesus and his disciples. The design of these constructions was affected as much by the religious traditions of the individual Christian community. Christianity was instilled in the buildings such as churches, even from the rooftop the column of a church. â€Å"Plans. ?Many Early Christians shadowed the basilicas model for their new churches (up. 198, 206) and may also have used old Roman halls, baths, dwelling- houses, and even pagan temples as places of worship. Walls. ?These were still constructed according to Roman methods of using rubble or concrete, faced with plaster, brick, or stone (p. 210 B). Mosaic design was added internally (p. 21 1), and sometimes also externally on west facades; though little regard was paid to external architectural effect (p. 09). † (â€Å"Early Christian Architecture – Comparative Analysis†, 1921). The walls expressed certain parts of the religion was alters, roofs and openings in a church. Some names of the buildings surrounding this architecture were, â€Å"The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem and The Church at Gal. Loused. † Islamic architecture and art pie ces were in different areas that Islam either dominated or still remains dominant while still embodying Muslim precepts in its themes. The earliest architectural monument of Islam is the Dome of the Rock Jubbah al-Sahara) in Jerusalem, created in 691-92. Some Muslims believe it to be the area from which Muhammad rose to heaven. â€Å"It has mosaics depicting scrolling vines and flowers, Jewels, and crowns in greens, blues, and gold. Similar in some aspects is the later Great Mosque of Damascus (built c. 705-14) the culture of Islamic Spain reached its apogee in Moorish art and architecture. The Mud © Carlyle of Spain employed through the 18th cent. And, important until much later in time, is founded on this architecture. † (â€Å"Islamic Art And Architecture 2012). How to cite The Buddhist Architecture, Papers

Examining the Divergence of Tone in the Travel free essay sample

Human experience within nature is a broad, ever-expanding subject of study, wherein one is limited to either divulging personal experience or interpreting the validity of the experiences of others in order to gain insight. As such, nature writing takes innumerable forms, with each approaching the task of describing experience within nature in a unique way and each emphasizing a different intent. As a result, there exists a tendency to denote nature writing to an all-encompassing category and furthermore, to neglect the subtleties that serve to differentiate one nature essay from another. These nuances prove to be highly important when deciphering a writer’s tone and exposing the writer’s oftentimes overlooked intent, especially when contrasting one piece of nature writing to another, seemingly of the same topic. A shining example of this understanding can be demonstrated in an analysis of sections taken from two essays by William Bartram and Charles Waterton, respectively, which are generally sub-categorized as â€Å"nature in travel writing of two early naturalists abroad†. This description, while serving its purpose of classification, lends to the incorrect assumption that both essays convey the same intent. Through an analysis of the writers’ respective use of descriptive language, apparent appreciation of nature, and their perception of the human species’ position within nature, it will be made evident that the two essays convey contrasting perceptions of the human experience in nature. The first point of contrast will be exemplified in their divergence in appreciation of nature, whereby purpose and acquisition underlie Waterton’s appreciation, while Bartram emphasizes an appreciation of nature by virtue of its existence. Secondly, the essays diverge in tone through their use of descriptive language, which contrasts Bartram’s deep respect for nature against Waterton’s respect rooted in ulterior purpose. Finally, and arguably most importantly, the tone of the essays are most evidently divergent in their respective perceptions of the human position in nature. By deciphering the subtle tones within Bartram’s â€Å"Travels Through North South Carolina†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and Waterton’s â€Å"Wanderings in South America†¦Ã¢â‚¬  one can establish this clear distinction between two nature essays that would be otherwise grouped together. While it cannot be denied that both Bartram and Waterton demonstrate a keen admiration and appreciation of nature in all of its elements, there remains a distinct contrast between the foundations for their respective admirations. Bartram demonstrates a deep appreciation of nature by virtue of its very existence, whereas Waterton’s appreciation seems to be rooted in purpose and acquisition. Further, Bartram reveres the simplicity of natural beauty, bred by the element of surprise, in such a way that it can be seen as the basis for his adoration. Whether in his description of a sudden procession of Ephemera, an immense and innumerable onslaught of alligators at dusk, or the powerful emergence of brilliantly coloured bands of fish from the mouth of â€Å"the Crystal Bason†, Bartram’s powerful imagery serves to demonstrate the ability of the natural world to continually inspire a sense of wonder and awe in the human species. In contrast, Waterton’s appreciation for the natural world lies in the acquisition of species deemed to be of interest by â€Å"the civilized world†. In this way, Waterton’s appreciation of nature can be seen as objects of interest contributing to a greater purpose, as opposed to a singular occurrence through which the beauty is seen in the occurrence itself, separate from civilized interpretation. This is not to say that Waterton is dismissive of the natural world that he encounters, to the contrary, Waterton creates incredibly powerful imagery through his writing, of which only one who is deeply affected by his surroundings could convey. What offers such juxtaposition to Bartram’s essay then, is that almost all of Waterton’s observations of nature serve, in one way or another, his own external purposes. Upon hearing the sound of the Campanero bird, for example, Waterton expresses that he â€Å"could not resist the opportunity of acquiring the Campanero† (Waterton, p. 107). Instead of beholding the occurrence with earnest fascination, his interest is vested in an ulterior purpose, which is to acquire the bird by means of killing it for sport. The difference then, is in the respective ends to which both Bartram and Waterton aspire, which are so utterly contrasted, that they change the tone of their seemingly coinciding essays altogether. Further emphasizing the difference in tone between the two essays is each writer’s use of language as a descriptive mechanism. Whether it is his true intention or not, Bartram’s use of earnest and exploratory language reinforces in the reader a deep, and quite often neglected, respect for nature. Most evidently, this use of language is demonstrated in his observations of the movements of bands of fish with relation to â€Å"the Crystal Bason† (Bartram, 74), of which he declares â€Å"I raise my eyes with terror and astonishment; I look down at the fountain with anxiety, when behold them as it were emerging from the blue ether of another world† (75). So powerful is his genuine emotional language, that the effect of his raw appreciation simply for the occurrence itself is plainly evident. On the other side of the coin, Waterton’s often commanding and presumptuous descriptive language establishes an anthropomorphic tone throughout his essay, suggesting the superiority of man over nature and perhaps even further, a lack of respect for the natural world. This idea is best demonstrated through his encounters, not only with animals but also with his human companions, in which an attitude of superiority is prevalent, both intellectually and physically. The intellectual aspect of his implied superiority is conveyed through Waterton’s interactions with his human companions, of whom he implies to be of a lower species in his referral to them as â€Å"the Indian† or â€Å"the negro†, just as he refers to â€Å"the jaguar† or â€Å"the Cayman†, for example. (Waterton, p. 111) Waterton further infers his superiority though the use of light-hearted language where it is not warranted by the often-perilous situation. This is best emphasized in his first encounter with a jaguar, wherein he commands his companion not to shoot in self-defence and instead reasons that it is not often â€Å"that the traveller is favoured with an undisturbed sight of the jaguar† (106). This light-hearted language in the face of danger additionally serves to contrast Bartram’s description of his own reactions to similar circumstances, which is best expressed in the associative language that the two authors use in describing their confrontations with alligators. While both respectively emphasize the power of the alligators, using descriptive words such as â€Å"monsters† (Bartram, 69) and â€Å"hideous and malicious reptiles† (Waterton, 113), Waterton uses associative words like â€Å"love at first sight† (114) to describe his encounter with the caiman and â€Å"disappointment† (109) or â€Å"doubtful† (108) when explaining his failure to lure it to him. Conversely, Bartram expresses a much more plausible reaction to potential encounters with the alligators, through the use of associative words like â€Å"dreadful† or â€Å"apprehensions† (Bartram, 67) and â€Å"truly frightful† (70) when describing his actual encounters with them. The strikingly different use of language between the two writers when describing similar, perilous situations exhibits the style of writing that each has adopted; Bartram’s being more conceivable to the reader and Waterton’s taking on a more far-fetched quality. The differing styles of writing that Bartram and Waterton adhere to, also serve to exemplify their own perceptions of their position in nature. As has been acknowledged previously in this analysis, Waterton’s writing style conveys an anthropomorphic tone and continually asserts his position in nature as being based around preconceived notions about the superior ability of man over other species. Contrary to this, Bartram writing style indicates that he asserts his position in nature as it occurs, acknowledging genuine reactions and emotions and acting on them as they come to him. This idea can be exemplified not only by the description of events that occur, but also by the associated mechanisms that both writers chose to express afterthought about the associated event. In the case of Bartram’s essay, one such occurrence is in his descriptive observations of the procession of Ephemera (Mayfly) at the time of their mating. Bartram makes clear the wonder and sense of awe that these species evoke in him, upon witnessing them â€Å"particularly when they appear in the fly state† (66). It is in his additional commentary on the event, following his description of the experience itself, that Bartram infers his perception of mans position with respect to nature. Adopting a somewhat existential tone, Bartram praises the complexity of the Ephemera’s short existence, further emphasizing his admiration for the embracing of their brief period of happiness, of which he declares, â€Å"what a lesson doth it not afford us of the vanity of our own pursuits! † (66) The same indication of perceived human position in nature can also be found in Waterton’s essay, most apparently in his description of  his conquering of the caiman alligator. In describing his experience, Waterton never alludes to the caiman evoking any fear within him or taking him by surprise, but rather emphasizes the fear that he instils upon the alligator, â€Å"[b]y the time the Cayman was within two yards of me, I saw he was in a state of fear and perturbation† (Waterton, 115). B y emphasizing a complete lack of apprehension in the face of what he denotes to be a ‘‘monstrum, horrendum, informe,’ [Horrible monster, void of form’]† (114), he solidifies the inference of his own and further, man’s superiority over all other species. Waterton makes use of supplementary inserts, as means of an external aside, to further enforce his perceived position in nature. Amidst the description of his experience with the caiman, for example, Waterton references ancient Greek mythological figures to compare his experience to, describing his confrontation as potentially â€Å"more perilous than Arion’s marine morning ride† (115). In doing so, Waterton again implies man’s dominance over other species, not based on his actual experience but by referencing examples outside of his own experience. While the all-encompassing denotation of nature writing is often implied, this method neglects the importance of distinguishing the intents of the writer when describing their experiences in nature. The tone in nature writing, however, is often overlooked in favour of classifying the essay based on the topic that is being described. More often than not, taking the time to decipher the overall tone of an essay reveals that two or more seemingly similar topics can be approached from a vast field of differing intent. By analyzing the subtleties in William Bartram’s essay, â€Å"Travels Through North and South Carolina† against Charles Waterton’s essay â€Å"Wanderings in South America†¦Ã¢â‚¬  it becomes evident that the two essays, while both describing nature in travel abroad, are strikingly divergent in their respective tones. Differentiating between the tone of two or more works of nature writing serves to emphasize the error inherent in classification based merely on broad topics. This commonly overlooked error reinforces misconception about the intention of the writer’s experience in nature.

Letter to Friend Congratulating on Sucess free essay sample

It gives me great pleasure that you have topped the list of successful candidates in the Board Examination. It is all the more delightful to learn that you have secured distinction in all the subjects and in Mathematics you have secured 99% marks. Your grand success is a matter of pride for your family, friends, teachers and our school as well. It is, in fact, the result of your hard work and dedication, sacrifice and concentration. You have been very consistent all along your studies. You never ignored your studies. It has paid well now. Indeed, it is a moment of celebration particularly for your parents who have been very careful for all your needs and comforts. This success has opened up the door to various opportunities for your career. You can get admission in any of the good colleges in India. A bright future awaits you. Your bright success has secured your career. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to Friend Congratulating on Sucess or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Again my heartiest congratulations on the happy occasion I am confident you will maintain this performance in future. Keep upthespiritand be careful to your health and performance. We will met soon to have a treat. With lots of good wishes for a bright future. Yours sincerely, Rishika My Dear Pramod, I am glad to see your result in today’s Rakasthan Patrika. Your outstanding performance in the RAS examination has secured you a good rank. I conveyed this happy news to my father who was sitting beside me. He too was overjoyed. I thank god for his kindness and wish you a bright future. You have been intelligent and diligent in your school and college days. Certainly, your success is due to god’s grace as well as your hard work and timely guidance of your respected parents. Keep it up! You will be of great asset to your family and more over to this nation. Please guide your sister also to overcome her IAS examinations which are due in November. Please convey my respectful compliments to your parents. Again, congratulations to you! Yours sincerely, Raj Kumar

Conflict and Negotiations Essays

Conflict and Negotiations Essays Conflict and Negotiations Essay Conflict and Negotiations Essay I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conflict is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to be negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. It also encompasses a wide range of conflicts that people experience in organizations. Conflicts are usually caused by poor communication, lack of openness and failure to respond to employee needs. Human Relations View Conflict as the belief that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group. While Interactionist View Conflict as the belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively. There are at least three Types of Conflicts: Task Conflicts or Conflicts over content and goals of the work; Relationship Conflicts or conflicts based on interpersonal relationships and; Process Conflicts or conflict over how work gets done. There are five stages of conflict and they are as follows – Stage 1: Potential opposition or incompatibility, Stage 2: Cognition and Personalization; Stage 3: Intentions; Stage 4: Behavior and finally; Stage 5: Outcomes. Negotiation in definition is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them. There are two BARGAINING STRATEGIES that you can employ during negotiations: (1) Distributive Bargaining or the negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation and; (2) Integrative Bargaining or the negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution. There are also steps to be followed in ensuring a successful egotiation process – Step 1: Preparation and planning; Step 2: Definition of ground rules; Step 3: Classification and justification; Step 4: Bargaining and Problem Solving and; Step 5: Closure and implementation Finally there are five CONFLICT-HANDLING INTENTIONS: Competition, Collaboration, Avoidance, Accommodation, Compromise II. OBJECTIVES ? At the end of this report, the group ensures that the audience will be able to: 1. Define conflict. 2. Differentiate between the traditional, human relations, and interactionist views of conflict. 3. Contrast task, relationship, and process conflict. 4. Outline the conflict process. 5. Describe the five conflict-handling intentions. 6. Contrast distributive and integrative bargaining. 7. Identify the five steps in the negotiating process. 8. Describe cultural differences in negotiations. III. CONFLICT IN DEFINITION – A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. Is that point in an ongoing activity when an interaction â€Å"crosses over† to become an interparty conflict. – Encompasses a wide range of conflicts that people experience in organizations Incompatibility of goals Differences over interpretations of facts Disagreements based on behavioral expectations Transitions in Conflict Thought – The belief that all conflict is harmful and must be avoided. Causes: – Poor communication – Lack of openness – Failure to respond to employee needs Human Relations View of Conflict – The belief that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group. Interactionist View of Conflict – The belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively. Functional versus Dysfunctional Conflict Functional Conflict – Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance. Dysfunctional Conflict – Conflict that hinders group performance Types of Conflict 1. Task Conflict – Conflicts over content and goals of the work. 2. Relationship Conflict – Conflict based on interpersonal relationships. 3. Process Conflict – Conflict over how work gets done. IV. THE CONFLICT PROCESS [pic] Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility – Communication – Semantic difficulties, misunderstandings, and â€Å"noise† – Structure – Size and specialization of jobs Jurisdictional clarity/ambiguity – Member/goal incompatibility – Leadership styles (close or participative) – Reward systems (win-lose) – Dependence/interdependence of groups – Personal Variables – Differing individual value systems – Personality types Stage II: Cognition and Personalization Perceived Conflict – Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise. Felt Conflict – Emotional involvement in a conflict creating anxiety, tenseness, frustration, or hostility. [pic] Stage III: Intentions Intentions – Decisions to act in a given way. Cooperativeness: – Attempting to satisfy the other party’s concerns. Assertiveness: – Attempting to satisfy one’s own concerns. Dimensions of Conflict-Handling Intentions [pic] Competing – A desire to satisfy one’s interests, regardless of the impact on the other party to the conflict. Collaborating – A situation in which the parties to a conflict each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties. Avoiding – The desire to withdraw from or suppress a conflict. Accommodating – The willingness of one party in a conflict to place the opponent’s interests above his or her own. Compromising A situation in which each party to a conflict is willing to give up something. Stage IV: Behavior Conflict Management – The use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict. Conflict-Intensity Continuum [pic] Conflict Management Techniques 1. Problem solving 2. Superordinate goals 3. Expansion of resources 4. Avoidance 5. Smoothing 6. Compromise 7. Authoritative command 8. Altering the human variable 9. Altering the structural variables 10. Communication 11. Bringing in outsiders 12. Restructuring the organization 13. Appointing a devil’s advocate Stage V: Outcomes Functional Outcomes from Conflict – Increased group performance – Improved quality of decisions – Stimulation of creativity and innovation – Encouragement of interest and curiosity – Provision of a medium for problem-solving – Creation of an environment for self-evaluation and change Creating Functional Conflict – Reward dissent and punish conflict avoiders. Dysfunctional Outcomes from Conflict – Development of discontent – Reduced group effectiveness – Retarded communication – Reduced group cohesiveness – Infighting among group members overcomes group goals V. NEGOTIATION IN DEFINITION – A process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them. BATNA – The Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement; the lowest acceptable value (outcome) to an individual for a negotiated agreement. VI. BARGAINING STRATEGIES Distributive Bargaining – Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation. Integrative Bargaining – Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution. Distributive Versus Integrative Bargaining [pic] Staking Out the Bargaining Zone [pic] VII. THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS [pic] VIII. ISSUES IN NEGOTIATION The Role of Personality Traits in Negotiation – Traits do not appear to have a significantly direct effect on the outcomes of either bargaining or negotiating processes. Gender Differences in Negotiations – Women negotiate no differently from men, although men apparently negotiate slightly better outcomes. – Men and women with similar power bases use the same negotiating styles. – Women’s attitudes toward negotiation and their success as negotiators are less favorable than men’s. IX. THIRD-PARTY NEGOTIATIONS Mediator – A neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives. Arbitrator – A third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate an agreement. Conciliator – A trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the opponent. Consultant – An impartial third party, skilled in conflict management, who attempts to facilitate creative problem solving through communication and analysis. X. GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS Conflict and Culture – Japanese and U. S. managers view conflict differently – U. S. managers more likely to use competing tactics while Japanese managers are likely to use compromise and avoidance Cultural Differences in Negotiations – Multiple cross-cultural studies on negotiation styles, for instance: – American negotiators are more likely than Japanese bargainers to make a first offer – North Americans use facts to persuade, Arabs use emotion, and Russians used asserted ideals – Brazilians say â€Å"no† more often than Americans or Japanese XI. CONFLICT AND UNIT PERFORMANCE [pic] XII. CONFLICT-HANDLING INTENTION Conflict-Handling Intention: Competition – When quick, decisive action is vital (in emergencies); on important issues. – Where unpopular actions need implementing (in cost cutting, enforcing unpopular rules, discipline). – On issues vital to the organization’s welfare. – When you know you’re right. – Against people who take advantage of noncompetitive behavior. Conflict-Handling Intention: Collaboration – To find an integrative solution when both sets of concerns are too important to be compromised. – When your objective is to learn. – To merge insights from people with different perspectives. To gain commitment by incorporating concerns into a consensus. – To work through feelings that have interfered with a relationship. Conflict-Handling Intention: Avoidance – When an issue is trivial, or more important issues are pressing. – When you perceive no chance of satisfying your concerns. – When potential disruption outweighs the benefits of resolution. – To let people cool down and regain perspective. – When gathering information supersedes immediate decision. – When others can resolve the conflict effectively – When issues seem tangential or symptomatic of other issues. Conflict-Handling Intention: Accommodation – When you find you’re wrong and to allow a better position to be heard. – To learn, and to show your reasonableness. – When issues are more important to others than to yourself and to satisfy others and maintain cooperation. – To build social credits for later issues. – To minimize loss when outmatched and losing. – When harmony and stability are especially important. – To allow employees to develop by learning from mistakes. Conflict-Handling Intention: Compromise – When goals are important but not worth the effort of potential disruption of more assertive approaches. When opponents with equal power are committed to mutually exclusive goals. – To achieve temporary settlements to complex issues. – To arrive at expedient solutions under time pressure. – As a backup when collaboration or competition is unsuccessful. XIII. REFERENCES – Robbins, Stephen P . Organizational Behavior, 11th ed. Prentice Hall Inc, 2006 – Robbins and Judge Organizational Behavior, 13th ed. Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall, 2009 – Thomas, â€Å"Conflict and Negotiation Processes in Organizations,† – M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (eds. , Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed. , vol. 3 (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1992), p. 668. – S. P. Robbins, Managing Organizational Conflict: A Nontraditional Approach (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1974), pp. 93–97; and – F. Glasi, â€Å"The Process of Conflict Escalation and the Roles of Third Parties,† – G. B. J. Bomers and R. Peterson (eds. ), Conflict Management and Industrial Relations (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1982), pp. 119–40. Attachment 1: Negotiation Bargaining, Filipino Style Negotiating Filipino Style xcerpt from the book â€Å"Negotiating International Business The Nego tiator’s Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the World† by Lothar Kat (updated April 2010) ? Leveraging relationships is an important element ? usually a joint problem-solving process. ? While the buyer is in a superior position, both sides in a business deal own the responsibility to reach agreement ? primary negotiation style is cooperative ? Maintaining harmonious relationships throughout the process is vitally important ? disapprove of competitiveness and strive to find win-win solutions Information is rarely shared freely, since the locals believe that privileged information creates bargaining advantages ? humility is a virtue in the Philippines’ business culture ? Excessive promotions may be taken as lies and could seriously damage your counterpart’s trust in you ? Expect negotiations to be slow and protracted (Relationship building, information gathering, bargaining, and decision making all take considerable time) ? Filipinos have a lower sense o f urgency than a Westerner may be accustomed to ? Filipinos generally employ a polychronic work style (vs. onochronic cultures, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, or the United State) Bargaining Filipino Style ? Most Filipinos love bargaining and haggling ? They expect to do a lot of it during a negotiation and may be offended if you refuse to play along ? The bargaining stage of a negotiation can be extensive ? Filipinos may prefer to respond to your inputs rather than presenting ideas ? While they will eventually open up to new ideas, they do not easily change their opinions of their own ? prices often move more than 40 percent between initial offers and final agreement Filipinos generally prefer a straightforward negotiation style ? they also use deceptive techniques (telling lies and sending fake non-verbal messages, initially pretending to be disinterested in the whole deal or in single concessions, misrepresenting an item’s value, or making false demands and concessio ns) ? do not use ‘good cop, bad cop’ ? not likely to use the ‘limited authority’ technique (groups, rather than individuals, normally make decisions) ? Do not use tactics such as applying time pressure or making expiring offers, could be viewed as signs that you are not willing to build a long-term Periods of silence are frequent and usually reflect a natural inclination rather than the intentional use of a negotiation technique ? Avoid pressure tactics such as opening with your best offer ? negotiators may sometimes use emotional techniques (such as attitudinal bargaining, attempting to make you feel guilty, grimacing, or appealing to personal relationships) ? defensive tactics such as blocking, distracting or changing the subject, asking probing questions, or making promises may be used ? fine line between giving gifts and bribing (What you may consider a bribe, a Filipino may view as only a nice gift) Conflicts and disputes that may arise during a negoti ation can be difficult to resolve because Filipinos prefer to ignore or deny them ? When making decisions, Filipinos usually consider the specific situation rather than applying universal principles. ? Personal feelings and experiences weigh much more strongly than empirical evidence and other objective facts do. ? Most Filipinos are moderate risk takers Conflict and negotiations Events and Systems March 20, 2011

Reflective writing .. Developing the Professional Essay

Reflective writing .. Developing the Professional - Essay Example These developments are an explanation of my progress as recorded in the draft of this essay and in the assessment in Assignment 1. I shall base this reflection essay on Kolb’s Learning Cycle, since it was my guide throughout this module. Kolb’s learning Cycle helped me considerably in understanding the different components of effective learning, which I applied throughout this semester. My application of the Kolb’s cycle of learning was not only in this module, but also on the other modules that I covered this semester. Aside from explaining the responses, I shall also go through a number of interesting topics that we covered in class, sharing the most captivating segments. My reflection shall also bring out my experiences during group work. I shall also highlight how the experiences contributed to my development. In so doing, I shall employ the use of frameworks, models and theories within the module to communicate my understanding and development throughout my studies in this module. The information in this reflection shall be my honest assessment of myself as recorded in the documents attached in the Appendix section of this paper. One of the most interesting topics in this module, according to me, is Active Learning. This topic was a revelation, considering the fact that even during my undergraduate program; I was not exposed to knowledge on how different individuals are with regard to learning styles, values and personality. I understood that the process of learning depended much on the personality that a person has (Burbank, 2008).This revelation changed my approach to learning, making me develop a positive attitude towards learning new things, regardless of how difficult they appeared. This topic also helped me to understand the difference that my learning style had compared to my classmates, and how as a member of a study group I could help turn this diversity into a powerful tool for