tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62254809916951715572024-02-08T07:35:09.756-08:00Writing an exploratory essayWrite A Reflection PaperAubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.comBlogger22125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-48859577690369146732020-09-03T04:15:00.001-07:002020-09-03T04:15:04.988-07:00Ebonics Essays - African American Vernacular English, EbonicsEbonics Ebonics The United States is loaded up with a wide range of ethnicities, societies, customs, dialects, and so forth. As far as anyone knows, our government funded schools are outfitted with classes, educators, educational plans and materials so as to instruct that piece of the understudy populace whose first language is some different option from the English language. Bilingual classes, transitional classes, ESL classes are only a couple of the projects that have been created to educate non-English talking understudies with the end goal for them to obtain the English language. In any case, there has been a language use among African American understudies; language that has not been analyzed intently nor recognized as of not long ago. Ebonics is named Black English or Black sounds, or Pan African Communication Behavior or African Language frameworks which begins from the West African dialects, for example, Ibo, Yoruba, and Hausa (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 1). During the hours of subjection, ebonics was additionally spoken as Gullah, which is a mix of West African dialects, and English. Ebonics is a term instituted by clinician Robert Williams, coming about because of the blend of two words, coal black and phonics so as to portray its tongue (The Daily O'Collegian Editorial Board. 1997. P. 1). The debate behind ebonics is whether it is really a language or and should it be told as an unknown dialect. Language is characterized as an arrangement of words shaped from such mixes and examples, utilized by the individuals of a specific nation or by a gathering of individuals with a mutual history or set of conventions (Microsoft Bookshelf. 1996-1997 version). Ebonics is a type of correspondence of sentiments, contemplations, feelings and thoughts at is being utilized by our understudies in the study hall who feel entirely good utilizing ebonics since they are acclimated with communicate in that manner. Because of numerous understudies utilizing ebonics in a school setting, it has been perceived in our instructive framework and it is accepted that the comprehension, the application, the standards, the laws and the structure of ebonics would support African American understudies (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 1). Ebonics would be utilized to help learn Standard English. Thusly, ebonics has been read throughout the previous 15 years because of the State of California perceiving the extraordinary language height of relatives of Africans (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 1). Therefore, the State of California is attempting to order instruction program that is in light of a legitimate concern for vindicating their equivalent security of the law rights under the 14 Amendment (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, 1997. P. 2).'' The 14 Amendment states: All people conceived or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the purview thereof, are residents of the United States and of the State wherein they live. No State will make or implement any law which will abbreviate the benefits or resistances of residents of the United States; nor will any State deny any individual of life, freedom, or property, without fair treatment of law; nor deny to any individual inside its ward the equivalent insurance of the laws (Microsoft Bookshelf. 1996-1997). The Oakland school region is attempting to pass a program dependent on ebonics since it is viewed as that it will profit African American understudies in their first language. What's more, the Oakland school region accepts that if ebonics is these understudies first language that would make them bilingual and must get some type of bilingual instruction. Under the Bilingual Education Act (1968), affirmed by a Supreme Court choice (1974) and commanding assistance for understudies with restricted English capability, requires guidance in the local dialects of understudies. (Microsoft Bookshelf. 1996-1997). Oakland's anxiety depends on the result of the government sanctioned trial of perusing and language abilities among numerous African American understudies, as per the Amended Resolution of the Board of Education (1997), the scores on the government sanctioned test were beneath state and national levels. Notwithstanding the low state administered test scores, Wasserman (1997) contends that the evaluation point normal among African American understudies is D+. The program they imagined highlighted African American framework standards to move understudies from the language designs they bring to class to English capability (Amended Resolution of the Board of Education, Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-37556527606641349132020-08-22T18:08:00.001-07:002020-08-22T18:08:10.644-07:00Environmental Issus With Highway Expansion Essays - LaneNatural Issus With Highway Expansion Gloria Stovall November 13, 2000 Group: John Gulick Extension of Highway 101 Since Highway 101 was finished in the mid 1960s, no enhancements or changes have been made and the interstate has not been contacted. As of late California transportation organizers gave the last endorsement to the primary development of Highway 101 in Santa Rosa. This raises some difficult issues inside the network. Despite the fact that the organizers have consented to this change, individuals in the network have contradictions. The progressions proposed comprise of including a carpool path in the two headings between Santa Rosa and Rohnert Park. There are issues raised with this proposition. Adding paths to the two sides of the thruway will broaden it, taking out trees and natural surroundings of the territory. In the event that these trees are evacuated, homes of creatures, for example, squirrels, fowls and bugs will be crushed. As the path augments, this takes into account more vehicles to go through. Vehicles are to some degree inconvenient to the earth. They cause contamination in the public arena that is ever developing. All the effects of the path extension lead to another. Gloria Stovall November 13, 2000 Faction: John Gulick At the point when the paths are included, more vehicles go through the zone, as was at that point said. With the expansion in vehicles, it will without a doubt lead to an expansion in populace. More individuals will go through Rohnert Park and Santa Rosa and see what decent neighborhoods are there. Be that as it may, these regions have very little space for extension. The urban areas themselves are very full and would not have the option to help a rapidly developing populace. In 1990, the number of inhabitants in Santa Rosa was at 158,352. From that point forward the populace has significantly increased. With such enormous development, the region has gotten increasingly clogged and along these lines so has the interstate traffic. Despite the fact that the populace in the territory has grown an extensive sum over the most recent ten years, there is certifiably not a lot of space for additional later on. It has taken about ten years for CalTrans to get to this point and it is still in progress of attempting prevail in the development. Gloria Stovall November 13, 2000 Organization: John Gulick Over the previous decade, there have been various endeavors to extend this zone of the thruway. Truth be told, CalTrans is still during the time spent acquiring licenses from the North Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board that are required before it can continue. Development has been deferred commonly all the while. Development was initially set to start October first of this current year yet has been pushed back to January first of 2001. Wright, an individual from the Sonoma County Transportation Authority says, It's not a serious deal. It's simply an issue of experiencing the legislative procedure when gotten some information about the postponement. Notwithstanding the ecological issues with the development, there are different reasons why residents in the zone don't need this to occur. One explanation is the ascent in deals charges for transportation. A factor that numerous workers won't be content with is the way that it is relied upon to take year and a half to finish the 4.8 miles of carpool paths, sound dividers, traffic metering lights and Gloria Stovall November 13, 2000 Order: John Gulick enhancements for a few on-ramps. It will be fairly a burden. It will no doubt hinder traffic for the year and a half during the development and cause numerous miserable suburbanites. Despite the fact that there will be a deferral with the start of the development, Wright said that CalTrans authorities hope to have the venture finished by its unique deadline of February of 2002. During the eighteen months of development there will more than likely be a major bother for the individuals who travel Highway 101 all the time. Workers should manage moderate traffic through the region. Another point that individuals of the network aren't anticipating is the cost of the venture. The whole thing will cost $23 million and won't be something that many need to pay for. Previously, arrangements were tried to bring down the limit for raising deals charges for transportation however this fizzled. Regardless of the Gloria Stovall November 13, 2000 Faction: John Gulick actuality that four neighborhood charge measures to enlarge Highway 101 bombed during the 1990s, the cash has been reserved Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-5870807222617834132020-08-21T15:50:00.001-07:002020-08-21T15:50:33.643-07:00On The Methodology Of The Social Sciences â⬠Myassignmenthelp.ComQuestion: Examine About The On The Methodology Of The Social Sciences? Answer: Introducation In Sociology class is a sort of social delineation that is comprised of gathering of individuals with comparable status who are sharing sure degree of riches and influence. There are different conversations over the meaning of Class makes disarray and phrased issue. Anyway through some settled ideas we can attempt to characterize the social definition Class. In the abstract area Classes are characterized as the social classifications that are positioned inside the financial definition by sharing people groups emotionally notable characteristics (Landry 2016). As a target position class is characterized as a gradational idea dependent on the expectation for everyday comforts. In this manner past the abstract characteristics the relationship among salary assets can frame the class also. Following Marxist custom in the event that the social arrangement of imbalance is thought of, at that point the class can be characterized as a large scale level idea that proper and produce the financi al excess (Wright 2015). Weber has depicted status and class are two distinct structures and through the shapes the individual life possibilities (Scott 2014). The meaning of class can be put inside the political direction too where social change is at the middle regarding monetary assets and social connections. We as a whole are conceived in certain social classes and the class has extraordinary impact in our individual lives. This social definition makes us experience different points of interest and burdens and life possibilities. My individual social class has been enormously influencing my instruction, wellbeing, strict affiliation, political conduct, wellbeing, social inclusion and mentalities. It is commonly viewed as that if my societal position is higher than my future is longer, as we experience that needs identified with fundamental needs like food and asylum bring about high mortality. Humanist Weber has built up the idea of life risks as the open doors that we can apply to improve our personal satisfaction (Weber 2015). The existence chances guarantee better objectives that we can accomplish like standard advanced degree, carrying on with a solid life, effective profession. Anyway we can see that the existence chances are not similarly dispersed among the individuals from a soci al class. Our aptitude and capability turns into the most noteworthy driver for getting those life possibilities. In the event that I show signs of improvement instruction I will have the entrance to a superior way of life however getting quality advanced education is identified with my monetary status rather my folks money related status. On the off chance that I am having better monetary status I am almost certain get conceded in a non-public schools however somebody from the edges with constrained money related open doors probably won't stand to get affirmation in the tuition based school. In the realm of today the existence risks essentially rely upon the distinctions among different gatherings dependent on their winning, materialistic riches and position in the societys chain of command. In this manner the focal points and inconveniences are both being made all the while through our lives. Another impediment can be experienced with regards to dealing with violations. We have en countered commonly various individuals from various social classes get distinctive treatment regardless of whether both are experiencing comparative examination. My acknowledgment is that the individuals have a place with the lower layer of the general public are bound to get less life risks as social classes characterize and decide them. Reference Landry, B. ed., 2016.Race, sexual orientation and class: Theory and techniques for examination. Routledge. Scott, J., 2014.Stratification and force: Structures of class, status and order. John Wiley Sons. Weber, M., 2015.On the approach of the sociologies. Lulu Press, Inc. Wright, E.O., 2015.Understanding class. Verso Books. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-60926047067312873772020-06-08T17:22:00.001-07:002020-06-08T17:22:02.913-07:00Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error - Free Essay Example Calculating the Probability of a Type II Error To properly interpret the results of a test of hypothesis requires that you be able to judge the pvalue of the test. However, to do so also requires that you have an understanding of the relationship between Type I and Type II errors. Here, we describe how the probability of a Type II error is computed. A Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis is not rejected. For example, if a rejection region is as follows: xbar 127. 06 or xbar 132. 94 and the null hypothesis is false, then the probability of a Type II error is defined as = P(127. 6 xbar 132. 94 (given that H0 is false) The condition that the null hypothesis is false only tells us that the mean is not equal to 130. If we want to compute , we need to specify a value for . Suppose that we want to determine the probability of making a Type II error when, in actual fact, = 135, 131, 139, and/or any other value. A Windmill Example: The feasibility of constructing a profitable electricityproducing windmill depends on the average velocity of the wind. For a certain type of windmill, the average wind speed would have to exceed 20 mph in order for its construction to be feasible. To test whether or not a particular site is appropriate for this windmill, 50 readings of the wind velocity are taken, and the average is calculated. The test is designed to answer the question, is the site feasible? That is, is there sufficient evidence to conclude that the average wind velocity exceeds 20 mph? We want to test the following hypotheses. H0: A 20 HA: A 20 If, when the test is conducted, a Type I error is committed (rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true), we would conclude mistakenly that the average wind velocity exceeds 20 mph. The consequence of this decision is that the windmill would be built on an inappropriate site. Because this error is quite costly, we specify a small value for a, = 0. 01. If a Type II error is committed (not rejecting the nul l hypothesis when it is false), we would conclude mistakenly that the average wind velocity does not exceed 20 mph. As a result, we would not build the windmill on that site, even though the site is a good one. The cost of this error may not be very large, since, if the site under consideration is judged to be inappropriate, the search for a good site would simply continue. But suppose that a site where the wind velocity is greater than or equal to 25 mph is extremely profitable. To judge the effectiveness of this test (to determine if our selection of = 0. 01 and n = 50 is appropriate), we compute the probability of committing this error. Our task is to calculate when = 25. (Assume that we know that ( = 12 mph. ) Our first task is to set up the rejection region in terms of xbar. Rejection region: z z = z0. 01 = 2. 33 (look up 0. 9900 in Table) So we have z = (xbar-) / (/n) = (xbar-20) / (12/50) 2. 33 Rejection region: xbar 23. 95 Region where H0 is not rejected: xbar 23. 5 T hus: = P(xbar 23. 95 (given that = 25) = P{[(xbar-) / (/n)] [(23. 95-25) / (12/50)] = P(z -0. 62) = 0. 5 ââ¬â 0. 2324 = 0. 2672 23. 95| 22| 1. 95| 1. 697| 1. 15| 0. 3749| 0. 8749| 23. 95| 22. 5| 1. 45| 1. 697| 0. 85| 0. 3023| 0. 8023| 23. 95| 23| 0. 95| 1. 697| 0. 56| 0. 2123| 0. 7123| 23. 95| 23. 5| 0. 45| 1. 697| 0. 27| 0. 1064| 0. 6064| 23. 95| 24| -0. 05| 1. 697| -0. 03| 0. 0120| 0. 4880| 23. 95| 24. 5| -0. 55| 1. 697| -0. 32| 0. 1255| 0. 3745| 23. 95| 25| -1. 05| 1. 697| -0. 62| 0. 2324| 0. 2676| 23. 95| 25. 5| -1. 55| 1. 697| -0. 91| 0. 3186| 0. 1814| 23. 95| 26| -2. 05| 1. 697| -1. 21| 0. 3869| 0. 1131| 3. 95| 26. 5| -2. 55| 1. 697| -1. 50| 0. 4332| 0. 0668| 23. 95| 27| -3. 05| 1. 697| -1. 80| 0. 4641| 0. 0359| This is the graph for associated with numbers from 18 to 32. 5: The probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when = 25 is 0. 2676 (see above Figure). This means that, when the mean wind velocity is 25 mph, there is a 26. 76% probability of erroneously co ncluding that the site is not profitable. If this probability is considered too large, we can reduce it by either increasing or increasing n. For example, if we increase a to 0. 10 and leave n = 50, then = 0. 0475. Rejection region: (xbar-20) / (12/50) 1. 8 xbar 22. 17 22. 17| 24. 5| -2. 33| 1. 697| -1. 37| 0. 4147| 0. 0853| 22. 17| 25| -2. 83| 1. 697| -1. 67| 0. 4525| 0. 0475| 22. 17| 25. 5| -3. 33| 1. 697| -1. 96| 0. 4750| 0. 0250| 25 With = 0. 10, however, the probability of building on a site that is not profitable is too large. If we let = 0. 01 but increase n to 100, then = 0. 0329. 22. 796| 23| -0. 204| 1. 20| -0. 17| 0. 0675| 0. 4325| 22. 796| 23. 5| -0. 704| 1. 20| -0. 59| 0. 2224| 0. 2776| 22. 796| 24| -1. 204| 1. 20| -1. 00| 0. 3413| 0. 1587| 22. 796| 24. 5| -1. 704| 1. 20| -1. 42| 0. 4222| 0. 0778| 22. 796| 25| -2. 204| 1. 20| -1. 84| 0. 4671| 0. 329| 22. 796| 25. 5| -2. 704| 1. 20| -2. 25| 0. 4878| 0. 0122| 22. 796| 26| -3. 204| 1. 20| -2. 67| 0. 4962| 0. 0038| 22. 79 6| 26. 5| -3. 704| 1. 20| -3. 09| 0. 4990| 0. 0010| 22. 796| 27| -4. 204| 1. 20| -3. 50| 0. 5000| 0. 0000| Now both and are quite small, but the cost of sampling has increased. Nonetheless, the cost of sampling is small in comparison to the costs of making Type I and Type II errors in this situation. Another way of judging a test is to measure its power -the probability of its leading us to reject the null hypothesis when it is falserather than measuring the probability of a Type II error. Thus, the power of the test is equal to 1 . In the present example, the power of the test with n = 50 and = . 01 is 1 0. 2676 = 0. 7324. When more than one test can be performed in a given situation, we would naturally prefer to use the test that is correct more frequently. If (given the same alternative hypothesis, sample size, and significance level) one test has a higher power than a second test, the first test is said to be more powerful. To determine the appropriate sample size for specifi ed levels of the Type I and Type II Errors, consult the Text. - ASSIGNMENT: - - In the windmill example presented in class, the Beta and Power functions are computed for n = 50. Compute and display the Beta and Power functions for n = 25, n = 75, and n = 125. Display your results in no more than two graphs. - - Briefly discuss your results. - Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-18501913492525564472020-05-17T10:23:00.001-07:002020-05-17T10:23:17.036-07:00The Journey Of God s Work On Earth - 981 Words I have often talked of faith as a journey. Our journey consists of many turns and twists, hills and valley. This journey takes us closer and, possibly, further from a true understanding of God. One thing is certain on our journey of faith; we can never come to a full understanding of God. With God, there is always mystery. That said, the hope of our faith journey is coming to a better and deeper understanding of God. These last several years in ministry have led me to deeper experiences with and a deeper understanding of God. One of the things I now understand about God at a deeper level is Godââ¬â¢s propensity to use people in doing Godââ¬â¢s work on earth. I knew this before my time in pastoral ministry, but in my ministry, I have seen this truth in action. I have watched as God used doctors and lawyers, children and adults, clergy and lay people to feed the hungry, house the homeless, and even offer compassion and care to those whose life experience told them no one cared. I have worked and ministered side by side with others serving as the hands and feet of God. I have also come to a deeper understanding of Godââ¬â¢s abiding presence ââ¬â especially in our suffering. During this last year, North Wood has experienced more than its share of tragedy. One familyââ¬â¢s experience helped me understand Godââ¬â¢s presence and Godââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"peace that passes understandingâ⬠in a way I had not previously. Frank was diagnosed with a form of blood cancer in October of last year. He and his wife, Jeannie (chairShow MoreRelatedBig Fish, By Tim Burton Essay1750 Words à |à 7 Pagesbetter understanding. The Odyssey is the story of Odysseus and his struggle to return home after the Trojan War. Along the way Odysseus battles mystical creatures and faces the wrath of the gods. While he s gone his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus fight off suitors vying for Penelope s hand and Ithaca s throne long enough for Odysseus to return. The Odyssey ends as Odysseus wins a contest to prove his identity, slaughters the suitors, and retakes the throne of Ithaca. Now the movie Big FishRead MoreJust As A Prior-Detailed House Plan Is The Only Medium,1453 Words à |à 6 Pagesrate of progress is achieved or not achievedââ¬â¢ in the coarse of the houses construction. So is every person s prior-projected daily life faith walk and oneââ¬â¢s respective relating to God, also the only medium. 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God made a covering for them indicating that it was only through Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-9065050493007130352020-05-06T19:11:00.001-07:002020-05-06T19:11:31.892-07:00The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution Essay The period of 18th and 19th century is marked by the greatest transformations, reformations, revolutions and many other critical events that ever took place in human history. The credit is given to all these revolutions for enlightenment of mankind. The two most important revolutions were the French revolution and the industrial revolution. One can feel that both of these revolutions mutually reinforced each other and later became the back bone of all other revolutions. On the other hand, both revolutions had totally different impacts and consequences at various economical, political and social realms. The development of the industrialisation is outcome of the advancement of agriculture. Agriculture has played very important role in theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The high production lowered the cost of the food and raised the standard of life. On the other hand, small farmer and peasant class was unemployed as they lost their land to rich landholders. There was increase in the la bour force. It seems that socially and economically England possessed everything needed to fuel the industrial revolution. Also, the cottage industry of England was not able to fulfill the demands of increasing population. The ratio of demand to supply increased tremendously as population doubled in less than half century. Therefore, people began to focus on the ways to improve the cottage industry. In 1765 cotton spinning jenny was invented by a carpenter named James Hargreaves. At the same time, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1768. These two inventions triggered the production of the cottage industry and cotton became cheaper and affordable to all classes. The real breakthrough comes when James watt invented steam engine in 1776 which made possible the establishment of coal and iron factories to more suitable areas. Initially, steam engines were used for pumping water out of coal mines and in iron industry to create draft in blast furnaces. Steam power was efficie ntly applied to transportation, agriculture, and other technological sectors. In 1856, Henry Bessemer invented Bessemer Convertor that converted iron into cheaper and durable steel. Steel productionShow MoreRelatedThe Industrial Revolution And The French Revolution1264 Words à |à 6 PagesBoth the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution induced great social transformations from the end of the 18th century on. The revolutions laid the foundation for the journey of modernization for Great Britain and France. 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They undoubtedly contrast in the ways in which they occurred and the reasons why they developed. However, both the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution have ways in which they succeeded as a revolution, as well as obvious failures. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolutions bittersweet consequencesRead MoreIndustrial, French, and American Revolutions: Common Social Revolutions?764 Words à |à 4 Pageshistory there have been many important revolutions that have help to shape society as it is today. There are different causes, from political to religious, economic to social. Any revolution affects those in society, and creates changes for the people in the society. There are three important revolutions that took place in the late 18th century that changed the world for the better. The Frenc h Revolution, the American Revolution, and the Industrial Revolution all took place in the late 1700s. AlthoughRead MoreThe Age Of Romanticism During The French Revolution And The Industrial Revolution2007 Words à |à 9 Pagesdisparate worlds where they could enjoy their flights of fantasy. The age of romanticism was blessed with many poets who mesmerized everybody with the worlds they created. There was political tumult during this period due to the French revolution and the Industrial revolution. This compelled the poets to search for peace and solace in their own idealist worlds. They escaped into their utopian lives where they could experience freedom and happiness. The major poets of romanticism are William WordsworthRead MoreThe Social Conditions Of The 19th Century Essay1320 Words à |à 6 Pagesfollowing the French and Industrial Revolutions. These world changing events are mostly causing plagues for the working class. These 19th century conditions cause the people to rev olt against the social reforms of the existing world and reveal the need for a new social structure. The newly emerging Industrial revolution results in a shift within economic classes, which are the bourgeoisie and proletariat. The 19th centuryââ¬â¢s conditions are a result of the Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, and UrbanizationRead MoreAmerican and French Revolution - Essay1419 Words à |à 6 PagesAmerican and French Revolutions declared that their goal was to create a new political system based on the principles of liberty and equality. However, the interpretation of those ideas by the American Founding Fathers turned out to be distinctly different from that of the French revolutionaries. How did those different interpretations of the concepts of liberty and equality affect the outcomes and the legacies of both revolutions? Analyze, compare, and contrast. The American Revolution officiallyRead MoreThus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle900 Words à |à 4 Pages Thus, Great Britain, the first of the world countries endured industrial revolution, to the middle of 19 century turns into the most powerful power possessing the biggest colonial empire which allowed to provide own industry with necessary and cheapest raw materials, and also an extensive sales market of finished products.Orientation of the major branches of production, and in particular textile, on the colonial market will have an adverse effect subsequently on economic development of Great BritainRead MoreThe Causes And Effects Of Europe945 Words à |à 4 Pageshistory will reveal a constant theme of revolutions and counterrevolutions across space and time that have shaped the very foundations of societies across the expanse of the continent. Furthermore, these revolutions occurred in many different spheres of daily life. For instance, some revolutions featured prolonged periods of violent political upheaval while others featured a more subtle revolution, changing the very social fabric of Europe. In addition, some revolutions centered on economic change while Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-68454225728724196002020-05-06T00:49:00.001-07:002020-05-06T00:49:22.436-07:00Transforming System Requirements into Model Checking Specifications Question: Discuss about A systematic approach to transforming system requirements into model checking specifications? Answer: Summary The software industry has been afflicted by the volatile, ambiguous, inaccurate and incomplete requirements since its emergence. The confluence of formal methods and development based on model proposes innovators of the critical-safety systems a strong and a new access for the validation of necessities at the early stage. This particular paper explains a case study that had been conducted to adjudicate if the use of formal methods could validate the system requirements at a reasonable cost in the lifecycle. Quite a few safety and functional requirements were captured for logic of Flight Guidance System (Aceituna, Do and Srinivasan 2014). They were written in natural language or shall statements. The model was formally written in RSML language. Several errors were identified in both the RSML as well as the original language. This proved that the formal models can be used for writing realistic or sensible systems and they can also be used to identify the errors before the implementatio n of the process. Opinion It can be said that the creation of RSML model has enhanced the informal requirements and this process involved in verifying the formal properties helped in identifying the errors in both the RSML model and the original requirements. In real systems, there would be many requirements of these models. As a result, the models would be large as well as complex. These models need to be organized to be robust and readable in the changing phases and need to be reused. It is learnt that there are two known styles of the process of formal specification constructive and axiomatic specification styles (Lobet et al. 2015). Both the styles have advantages as well as disadvantages depending on the process of usage of the specification styles. However, the present day use of the tools of formal method is very useful, it can be used to solve the industrial problems, and they can be quite productive. Limitations The most important limitation of the system is the cost effectiveness. The initial experiments of the process of formal verification have been quite costly because of the use of techniques such as proving of theorem, which required significant time as well as expertise. The maximum cost was incurred on the creation of the RSML model of the Flight Guidance System. On the other hand, the constructive specification style has a disadvantage. It makes the readers biased towards a specific implementation (Yu and Lau 2012). Similarly, a specification, which is property oriented or axiomatic, can be more difficult and problematic to understand as well as write. Conclusion and Recommendations It is a very useful system and can be practically used. Therefore, the cost incurrence can be ignored keeping in mind the advantages of the system. The constructive system can be used in the basic programming languages such as Ada and C. It can be used for future use with few recommendations. Stronger techniques of abstraction will be required to decrease or reduce the problems and they can be further verified with the use of model checkers. The models need to be modified to identify the proof properties and strategies that can have an automatic generation from the model. References Acceituna, D., Do, H. and Srinivasan, S., 2014, May. A systematic approach to transforming system requirements into model checking specifications. InCompanion Proceedings of the 36th International Conference on Software Engineering(pp. 165-174). ACM. Lobet, G., Pound, M.P., Diener, J., Pradal, C., Draye, X., Godin, C., Javaux, M., Leitner, D., Meunier, F., Nacry, P. and Pridmore, T.P., 2015. Root system markup language: toward a unified root architecture description language.Plant Physiology,167(3), pp.617-627. Yu, Y.T. and Lau, M.F., 2012. Fault-based test suite prioritization for specification-based testing.Information and Software Technology,54(2), pp.179-202. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-62603352241607804992020-04-20T20:46:00.001-07:002020-04-20T20:46:02.125-07:00The Alliances of World War 1 free essay sample This was called the ââ¬ËThree Emperors Leagueââ¬â¢. In 1890 Wilhelm II became Kaiser of Germany. Austria and Russia were fighting over who should rule the Balkans. IN the end, Germany sided with Austria, which led to the ââ¬ËThree Emperors Leagueââ¬â¢ breaking and Germany and Austria formed an alliance with Italy (ââ¬ËTriple Allianceââ¬â¢). Russia then formed an alliance with France, this meant that Germany had enemies on both sides, which could result ââ¬ËWar on two frontsââ¬â¢. Since France was in the west and Russia was in the East. Germany tried to form an alliance with Britain to scare off Russia and France. But when Britain knew that Germany was expanding their navy, they took this as threat towards them since Britain had the largest navy, even more than the worldââ¬â¢s put together. This left Britain the only country without an alliance. Germany offered Britain an alliance with them, but they also had to stop building their navy. We will write a custom essay sample on The Alliances of World War 1 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Britain disagreed and formed an alliance with France. Germany made up the Schlieffen Plan. Because France and Russia were allies, war with one of them means war with both. If Germany goes into war with either one, they should move first, defeat the French by sending the army through Belgium then unleash the whole German army on Russia. In this way, Germany could avoid a war on two fronts. Britain signed an alliance with Russia in 1907 which created the Triple Entente of Russia, France and Britain. This matched the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria and Italy. In 1908, a British newspaper called the Daily Telegraph interviewed the Kaiser og Germany. He wanted to present himself as friend of England but lost his temper when he remembered the times that Britain had refused his offer of an alliance. He called British Mad as March Hares which made Britain very mad. This destroyed any chance of an alliance forming between Germany and Britain. The Kaiser of Germany gave Austria a ââ¬Å"Blank Chequeâ⬠in July 1914 and promised them to give them full support to whatever happens. Russia started to mobilize her army. Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany and Tsar Nicholas of Russia exchanged messages and tried to sort things out. But when Germany asked Russia to demobilize, Russia replied that only Austria was being threatened, not Germany. Germany did not want France to get involved and asked France to promise that they wouldnââ¬â¢t, they did not reply. Britain did not want to get involved unless Belgium was going to be attacked. When Germany declared war on Russia, they had no choice but to declare war on France too because France and Russia were allies. They would attack Germany even if they did not declare war because they were allies and would create ââ¬ËThe war on two frontsââ¬â¢. But when Germany barged into Belgium as part of the Schlieffen Plan, even though Britain then promised to defend Belgian neutrality, which resulted to Britain declaring war on Germany. And this is what started World War 1. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-58747406108416456922020-03-15T21:03:00.001-07:002020-03-15T21:03:02.561-07:00Review of The Monkeys Paw EssaysReview of The Monkeys Paw Essays Review of The Monkeys Paw Essay Review of The Monkeys Paw Essay This story is set in a rural, out of the way area, with a family of three, elderly parents and a Son. The father and Son are chess players, with a good relationship. The father is a sneaky old character, as he tries to cheat at Chess. The Mother is a quiet lady, who knits as the pipe smoking me plays chess. She is typical of ladies of that era, and only works as a housekeeper, and knits for a hobby. She does what her husband tells her, and humours him when the son beats him at Chess. The Mum and son know the Dad cheats, and its their private joke. They are expecting a visitor, who turns out to be a Sergeant Major. The father knows him from a previous job. The Sergeant Major was only a young boy, who worked in a warehouse before he went to War. The family were curious about the soldiers experiences, particularly the old man. The old man acts as the host and gives the soldier some punch-thats whiskey and warm water. The Mum puts on supper. The old man is jealous because he never had the guts to leave the area, so he is very interested in what the soldier was saying. He then told them about some magic, a magic charm, which he had in his pocket. The old man was very interested, and wanted to hear everything, but the soldier was reluctant. The soldier threw the charm into the fire, but the old man got it back, it was a monkeys paw, a shrivelled old hairy thing. The soldier left, and the father eventually made one wish, He wasnt sure what he should wish for, but finally agreed that he should wish for 200. The Mum and Son made fun of him, as they felt it was all stupid. The following morning, they all had breakfast together, and the Son went off to work. Soon afterwards, a well-dressed stranger came to the house. He introduced himself as a representative of the Company, where their son worked. Instinctively the Mum knew her Son was hurt, but unfortunately the news was worse, a machine at work had mangled him. The Rep said the Company were not to blame, but they were giving the old couple 200, compensation. The old couple are in shock, although they have other children, this son is the only one at home, with them. This charm had brought such bad luck to this family. The old man felt he had killed his son. After the funeral, the awful truth set in, the old man had killed his son, and they would never see him again. They missed him greatly, and the Mum found it hard to sleep. One night the Mum remembered about the Paw and insisted that her husband would make another wish that the son would come back. Although the husband knows his wife is not thinking straight, and he is terrified, he makes the wish. Then they heard knocking on the door. He is panic-stricken. He tries to cover up, and tell his wife its a rat, but she insists it is the Son. In the dark he finds the Paw again, and makes the third wish, that this is not in fact his son. Finally the knocking stops, the wife opens the door and there is no one there. The ending is a Cliff Hanger. The magic charm, which appeared harmless had changed this family, had changed the atmosphere, and changed the family, although there was a great bond that was broken. There was a strong relationship between husband and wife, it was strained by the death of the son, and the wifes mental state became poor. The old man blamed himself and was afraid and worried.à The language used was expressive and descriptive. It was written pre 1900, and difficult to understand. The language has changed greatly since the story was written. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-30397491122863483682020-02-28T11:30:00.001-08:002020-02-28T11:30:03.762-08:00Manager Interviews Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsManager Interviews - Essay Example One of the most common procedures made use of to date includes the qualitative research methods, the quantitative research method, and the mixed research methods (McBride, 2005). Brilliantine, is amongst the firms under study, and poses as a firm, working with the reception of three main categories of calls from its clients. After conclusively interviewing not only the firmsââ¬â¢ manager, Mrs. Sutton Banks, but also other executives of the firm, it was clear that the services rendered include, emergency calls, which would lie considered as the most vital of all the firms operations, as they result to having the firmsââ¬â¢ agents being on the phone, for an average time of thirty minutes. This however goes further to lie spread over to a greater number of calls, whereby the customer, the clientââ¬â¢s family, or even the neighbors are at times involved in the entire calling procedure. Technical enquiries, as well as reassurance calls, are also part of the buildup that the firm consists and works with (Esty, 2006). On the other hand, I learnt from my research that, a spa managersââ¬â¢ job is one of the most demanding positions that one could take up today. The flourishing spa industry gives one the opportunity to engage in procedures that bring with them rewards, excitement and, most importantly, great hope and exemplary results. However, with all this comes the other side of spas that many people may tend to know very little about. From my interview with the manager of one popular spa around that I visited, I learnt that despite holding this somewhat desired position, a lot comes with bearing that role. It is evident that with that very demanding position as a spa manager, the predicament of need for more support in terms of moral support and guidance, as well as training of staff is a major setback if lacked. In addition, it is also a very necessary factor, if the spa is to perform in accordance to the set standards (Plunkett, 2012). Technology in bus iness is essential because without it issues such as globalization, efficient communication with customers, security, as well as efficiency of operations would not lie realized. Annual tradeshows offering vendor support to dealers and cruise incentive trip for top performing dealers have also remained carried out in a bid to improve its dealerââ¬â¢s relations (Esty, 2006). Moreover, I learnt that, like any other management position, to be a successful spa manager, one tends to develop more in terms of success of the spa, too, with more relevant education and experience that tends to address not only their life skills but business skills as well. A well-established spa, such as the one covered in my research, incorporates various functions that may not necessarily be independent (McBride, 2005). Among various departments that should lie considered equally important is the finance department. This what, at the end of the day, the manager, and the managerial crew count on to reveal any income or possible loss where it applies. Just to mention a few roles of this department, it interprets all the financial reports and provides expertise on matters concerned with the overall revenue against the expenses incurred. This department is also mainly concerned with administration of staff and scheduling of clients to ensure maximum revenue generation and profitability as well (Plunkett, 2012). Thorough research entails a careful search of a subject matter in order to Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-80728177888296502292020-02-12T04:16:00.001-08:002020-02-12T04:16:03.836-08:00Should similar systems of free enterprise, would their most likely EssayShould similar systems of free enterprise, would their most likely LONGEST TERM outcomes be forms of a permanent worker democracy of communism - Essay Example The free enterprise economy is characterized by monetary sovereignty, altruistic exchange, private chattels and choice of getting maximum profits in the business. People decide ways in which they earn and use their funds they get in the business. Most successful countries that have strong and stable economy apply free enterprise economy system, as it is the worldââ¬â¢s leading economic structure. Consequently, should similar systems of free enterprise degenerate; I think that their longest term outcomes will be forms of a permanent worker democracy of communism. There are two factors to be noted before it becomes a realism Firstly, every person should be literate and exceptionally knowledgeable, since communism system does not need ignorant, selfish, and greedy individuals. It is established that communism works better among individuals who are aware of the benefits of an exemplary leadership and concerned with assisting the common individuals. Consequently, informed leaders who h ave the skills of leading a country to a successful economic progress can be good in ruling a communist country. Secondly, I think individuals ought to be satisfied with whatever they own instead of wanting to augment themselves; hence, larceny public wealth. Leaders are expected to reach a personal satisfaction that is immeasurable in order to make outstanding leadership. It is difficult for innumerable personalities, since it requires leaders to get satisfied with the positive impacts they put in when governing a country instead of what they gain. Leaders should be able to measure their level of happiness without considering or comparing their happiness with the happenings of the surrounding environment. People should learn to be contented with whatever they have, to achieve social maturity and work harder to ensure that favorable competition prevails through their efforts they put in work. It is Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-79466200698690960012020-01-31T16:28:00.001-08:002020-01-31T16:28:04.496-08:00Psychometric assessment Essay Example for Free Psychometric assessment Essay Certain people tend to be more obedient than others. Individuals who have the tendency to adopt a submissive, uncritical attitude toward authority figures authoritarian submission (Adorno, 1950) tends to perform tasks when demanded. Also, people with an external locus of control (a sense that fate rules their life rather than their own actions) tend to be more obedient. However, despite the popular myth that women are more submissive, women and men are relatively equal in the degree to which they will obey demands (Eagly Carli, 1981). Dehumanisation or deindividuation is the loss of the sense of individual identity and control over our behaviour. Sensory overload, arousal, anonymity, and reduced self awareness are key factors which loosen inhibitions and thus uncharacteristic behaviour is not inline with usual internal standards. According to deindividuation theory, the psychological state of deindividuation is aroused when individuals join crowds or large groups. The state is characterized by diminished awareness of self and individuality. This in turn reduces an individuals self-restraint and normative regulation of behaviour. In social psychology, deindividuation is a major theory of group behaviour: it provides an explanation of collective behaviour of violent crowds, mindless hooligans, and the lynch mob. In addition, deindividuation has been associated with other social phenomena such as genocide, stereotyping, and disinhibition in other settings such as computer-mediated communication. Several influential studies were conducted to illustrate the force of deindividuation. For example, Zimbardo (1969) carried out a study that inspired much subsequent deindividuation research. In this study, participants were rendered anonymous by clothing them in oversized lab coats and hoods, compared with normal clothes and name tags in the control condition. The participants task was to shock a confederate in a situation similar to the classic Milgram studies on obedience. In a first experiment using groups of female students, Zimbardo demonstrated that anonymous participants shocked longer (and therefore more painfully) than identifiable participants, in confirmation of his theory. Another area of controversy in psychology is the area of psychometric testing, which aim to make important decisions affecting individuals and society. Tests are used in a variety of settings to aid selection in education and work and for diagnosis for those with learning and psychological problems. Ability tests were amongst the first psychometric tests to be developed, and controversy has surrounded their use since. Binet and Simon (1905) were commissioned by the French government to find a method to differentiate between children who were intellectually normal and those who were inferior. The purpose was to put the latter into special schools where they would receive more individual attention. In this way the disruption they caused in the education of intellectually normal children could be avoided. This led to the development of the Binet-Simon Scale, and constituted a revolutionary approach to the assessment of individual mental ability. Revisions to the Binet-Simon Scale resulted in the concept of mental age, an easily understandable concept which significantly increased the popularity of ability testing. Further developments of the tests produced the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ) and resulted in one of the currently most widely used tests, the Stanford Binet Scale. Most intelligence tests measure the general reasoning ability that is involved in many different types of problem solving behaviour. Older types of tests referred to this intelligence factor as general ability, whereas more recent tests have tended to divide the general ability into fluid intelligence (innate and not particularly influenced by ones environment) and crystallised intelligence (underlying fluid intelligence that is a product of environmental experiences. In recent years, the introduction of the eleven plus exam, which is largely compiled of IQ tests, was used to distinguish those who would proceed to grammar school and those who would be relegated to academically inferior secondary schools. Research into the psychometric assessment of intelligence has been the focus of many eminent psychologists including Spearmen, Burt, Eysenck, and Cattell. The latter two also went on further to develop (separate) personality tests, Cattells 16PF in 1970, and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) in 1975. These involve analysing a series of short yes/no questions in an attempt to decipher the nature and character of the person answering them. Today, personality assessments are mainly used in clinical settings, with their use in occupational settings increasing. They may also be used in educational settings in assessing individuals with learning problems and are still widely used and developed within academic and research settings. Personality tests are also widely used today within the work environment, perhaps for deciding whether to employ someone or not, or even to decide who gets made redundant. On the whole, psychometric tests have acceptable validity and therefore make them less prone to error than other types of assessment. The interpretation of psychometric data requires the use of norms, against which the scores of a particular individual can be compared. Psychometric assessments tend to be the only measures for which norms are available. Psychometric tests are fairly short and therefore time and cost efficient. Many are group tests, and so can be given to a number of people at the same time. In fact the development of computer programmes concerned with psychometric testing means that tests can be administered and scored by a computer, enabling results to be made available quickly and can form the basis of a discussion. Personality tests are particularly cost efficient as they prevent money being wasted on training unsuitable personnel. However, there can be an undue reliance on the results of psychometric tests. Simply discovering that a person has an aptitude for a particular occupation does not guarantee that they will be successful at that job. The mystique of psychometric test results means that they are frequently not discussed with those who complete them. In this sense there is a failure to use psychological testing humanely. Test scores can also be misused. The results of tests should not be used to withhold educational or occupational opportunities from those who may perform less well on tests of ability due to factors that have little to do with intelligence. In any instance, the results can be faked by the participant to influence the results in their favour, and so can be unknowingly misinterpreted anyway. Because of the cheapness and predictive success of many psychometric tests, there may be a failure to use other important information. Psychometric test results should ideally be used alongside other reliable information about a person, otherwise they may wrongly stereotype an individual. Furthermore, there are many cultural and sub-cultural issues that can arise when measuring IQ, which causes much controversy. At the extreme, IQ tests were used to keep out certain immigrant groups from the United States during the 1920s. Jenson (1969) suggested that genetic differences were the cause of consistently lower IQ scores observed in non white racial groups. Recent controversies relate to the systematic differences attained by different groups in society. Critics say these are the results of bias in test items. Typical examples relate to previously learned information and items using verbal information, typically English, which require reading and writing. Even when tests are translated to the native language of the participants, questions are still raised over the cultural equivalence of certain items (Zindi, 1994). Even tests which explicitly attempt to be culture fair have been questioned. The Ravens Progressive Matrices test showed that the performance of Asian immigrants has been found to improve over a five year period by an average of 15-20 points, which demonstrates that minorities will be disadvantaged in taking them until they learn different ways of approaching them (Roth, 1990). In 1972, Williams produced the Black Intelligent Test of Cultural Homogeneity (BITCH) in an attempt to highlight cultural biases in test items, which was heavily loaded towards black minorities. Using this test, it is black people who tend to score higher than whites. Particularly in IQ tests that use visual cues, participants may misinterpret an action, and their own cultural biases produce expectations which can alter what they see. They may use methods derived from an alien culture (emics/etics) and may have a hostile reception which will bias their observations. Observations are made of a sample and may not be typical of the whole culture being studies. It is also wrong to imagine a culture as being a homogenous group of people; differences within a culture may be as large as those between cultures. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-73320184143648395162020-01-23T12:52:00.001-08:002020-01-23T12:52:03.039-08:00The Cycle of Technology Integration Essay -- Education TeachingThe Cycle of Technology Integration The cycle of technology integration begins with planning, investigation, and experimentation. Schools go through an initial stage of planning and experimentation in which a few educators begin using technology in new ways. Then, these individuals become technology proponents. The next step in the cycle of technology integration is initial capital investments. This allows the department to determine the value of technology necessary in the schools. The ideal situation would be to have a computer in every classroom and have all of the teachers and students know and understand how to use it and receive a better education due to the technological advancements in the classrooms. After all of the costs are determined, readjustments are made. Technology Integration is a learned process requiring schools to continually re-figure their investments and methods of teaching with technology in schools. It allows the school to know how much money they have and what they will need. After t he readjusting process, new work and organizational models are created. Technology integration allows for students to greatly benefit. It allows for collaborative learning to take place with students peers and improves ones performance academically. In the United States today, most schools are currently in the first two stages of the process of technology integration (CEO 2000). Technology Innovations Technology Integration can truly only occur once the technology has been created. Film, radio, and the television were a few of the first ever created technologies in the world. In 1920, the first radio was created. This was just the beginning of the technological boom in America, which is quickly growi... ... Monitoring School Quality: An Indicators Report. Washington D.C: GPO, 2000. -A magazine article giving statistics and discussing how the learning ability of students is different from integrating the classroom. Hopkins, Gary. Education World. Principals Talk Tech: How is Technology Integration going? Retrieved November 5, 2002. http://www.educationworld.com/a_admin/admin268.shtml -An article talking about technology integration in the classroom from the principalââ¬â¢s point of view. It also discusses the current status of a few local schools. ââ¬Å"Technology Integration in Education.â⬠Edgewater Technology Teams With ASA to . Retrieved Novemeber 24, 2002 from Academic Search/Lexisnexis database. -The article talks about how a partnership allows for the Education Department of Missouri to have both better technology and cuts the cost down. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-24725217531440057372020-01-15T09:16:00.001-08:002020-01-15T09:16:03.297-08:00Shi Huang DiHe built new palaces to keep them content. Each of the new palaces were an exact copy of the ones they had to leave behind. He also divided the conquered land into 36 commentaries (areas), and commanded 3 officials to run each commandeer. They received orders from the emperor, and might be sacked if they did not obey. He also ordered citizens to give up all weapons to prevent rebellion. He then melted down these weapons and crafted them into giant statues to ââ¬Å"scare away twelve giantsâ⬠, which were set up outside his palace.In addition to all these changes, he also ordered the walls around towns and cities to be knocked down. Before Shih Hung Did unified China, each f the states used different kinds of measurements, language etc. So, to make things simpler, he set common standards. Everybody now had to use Gin weights and measures. They also had to use round one-ounce gold coins and half-ounce copper coins with holes in the middle, which were standard Gin money. However, th ese changes paled in comparison to the changes made to the written language.The prime minister at the time, Lie Is, was given the role to standardize all the characters of the language, as Chinese is written with characters that represent pictures and ideas, instead of the alphabet. Once he job was completed, the language was modernized and simplified into 3000 characters. He also set rules for handwriting so everybody that needed to write, such as scholars and government officials could communicate easily with each other. During the period of warring states, there weren't many roads.Even those roads were hard to go across since heavier carts created uneven ground on the soft earth. Many carts were damaged and got stuck in the roads. Shih Hung Did created a law so that all wheels and carts must be the same distance apart. He also built 5 major roads, which he named ââ¬Å"speedwaysâ⬠. These speedways connected the capital with the northern, eastern and southern parts of the emp ire. During his 1 1 years of reign, Shih Hung Did built 6800 km of road. Meanwhile, in the eastern empire, the Romans only built 5984 km of road.When Shih Hung Did became the emperor of China (in 221 BC), all the rules of Gin became the rules of the entire empire. According to Gin law, everybody was responsible for each other's good behavior. And so, Shih Hung Did organized everybody into groups Of 10, and if anybody committed a crime in that family, they had to report it to the authorities, or they would get punished along with the wrongdoer. Not only that, but their father, mother, families, wife/husband and their family would also receive the same punishment.Therefore, lots of people would be punished just because one person committed a crime. Many Mongolia's, named Signing, lived to the north of the empire. They often attacked parts of the empire, so Shih Hung Did ordered many slaves to build the Great Wall. Although this original structure has not been kept in condition until t oday, a renovated version now stands in Beijing. This version follows much of the same route as Shih Hung Id's. Shih Hung Id's Great Wall was made of tightly sacked earth, which was reinforced by bamboo matting. Behind the wall stood watch towers-?3 every kilometer.An artist's impression of Shih Hung Did. None of the paintings of him at the time have survived, so this painting is based on written descriptions. Hero or Villain? Gave himself the new title of Shih Hung Did-?supreme ruler of China. He only ruled for dictator. L, Georgian Lounge will discuss both sides of the Story. Villain On the other hand, many people believe that Shih Hung Did was cruel and merciless. For one, he forced many citizens to become slaves to work on his major projects such as the Great Wall. Thousands died from hunger, exposure or ill-treatment.If they tried to rebel against him, or not follow his orders, he would kill captives publicly without a second thought. Shih Hung Did also increased taxes to pay f or materials that were used in his many projects (for example, his grave, or the Great Wall). These taxes were 20 times of their previous taxes. If the taxes were not paid, the family would all have to endure slave labor. He also took half of all the food that farmers grew as tax. This resulted in extreme poverty and hunger. As a result, many citizens turned to cannibalism, and millions died. Shih Hung Did also set many draconian laws.If these strict laws were not followed, depending on the severity of the crime, wrongdoers were set harsh punishments such as hard labor, mutilation of a person's body, being boiled alive, cut into two at the waist, torn apart by 4 horses, strangled or beheaded. In 213 BC, at a banquet hosted by Shih Hung Did, a scholar openly criticized Shih Hung Did. Shih Hung Did immediately ordered that all scholars could not criticize anything in the present or praise anything in the past. He also ordered all the scholars to hand their books to government official s. These were burned in a huge bonfire.However, some scholars still continued their ways. These scholars were found by the emperor and were executed. 460 scholars were presumably buried alive. According to an extract from SIAM Quinn's ââ¬Å"Records of the Historianâ⬠, Shih Hung Did discouraged jobs such as scholars, thinkers and philosophers, because many of these people were against the king, and they could easily influence others to go against the king. In conclusion, Shih Hung Did could be considered a hero because he was the first man to have ever united China. However, his road to success can be perceived as a cruel and violent one, which is why some people think he is a villain. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-79699458903544945512020-01-07T05:39:00.001-08:002020-01-07T05:39:02.754-08:00An Extremely Brief Biography of Queen Elizabeth I On this day in history, March 24, 1603, Queen Elizabeth the first dies, leaving the throne to King James VI of Scotland. Within her reign Elizabeth enforced Protestant religion. In 1587, she had Queen Mary executed, and her conflict continued with the Roman Catholic Spain, and victoriously defeated the Spanish Armada. The Elizabethan age flourished with commerce, literature, arts, and geographical exploration. Elizabethââ¬â¢s father, King Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn in hopes that Boleyn would bare a healthy son. His previous spouse, Catherine of Aragon, never successfully bared Henry a son. Despite his desperate hopes, on September 7, 1533, Anne Boleyn gave birth in the Greenwich Palace to who would later be known as, Queen Elizabeth. Eventually, Elizabethââ¬â¢s mother did conceive a son, but much to Henryââ¬â¢s dismay the child was deceased at birth. In the eyes of Henry, Anne Boleyn became useless and tiring, therefore on Henryââ¬â¢s command Boleyn was executed on Ma y 19, 1536 on the Town Green. Young Elizabeth was only three years old when her mother was beheaded. Henry later remarried twice to Jane Seymore, and Katherine Parr, who together bared Henry a daughter, Mary, and a son Edward. When Henry VIII would pass, Elizabeth was his heir and next in line for the crown. Many bachelors sought after Elizabeth and wished her hand in marriage. Although Elizabeth was Henry VIII daughter, her half-sister Mary was also a rightful heir of the crown. When the crown was passed down to LadyShow MoreRelatedQueen Elizabeth II: A Biography3515 Words à |à 14 PagesQueen Elizabeth II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Queen Elizabeth II might be one of the most influential monarchs living today in this era of the democratic states. With her rule over the Commonwealth Nations lasting for over fifty years, the Queen has been very much popular with the public, not just in Great Britain or amongst the Commonwealth Nations, but also amongst all the nations of the world. The Queens life might have only begun as the first child to the Duke and Duchess of York, but instantly sheRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words à |à 39 PagesTHE VICTORIAN NOVEL SPIS TREÃ
Å¡CI INTRODUCTION 1 I THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NOVEL 2 II KEY AUTHORS 3 III KEY TEXTS 3 IV TOPICS 3 INTRODUCTION Many associate the word ââ¬Å"Victorianâ⬠with images of over-dressed ladies and snooty gentlemen gathered in reading rooms. The idea of ââ¬Å"mannersâ⬠does sum up the social climate of middle-class England in the nineteenth century. However, if there is one transcending aspect to Victorian England life and society, that aspect is change. Nearly every institution of societyRead MoreHaving Our Say Essay9582 Words à |à 39 PagesLiterature Study Guide is offprint from Gales For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources. (c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson LearningRead MoreFeminism in The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia5647 Words à |à 23 Pagesimportant themes, which is education. ÃâThey are more powerful, sir than we, answered Imlac, Ãâbecause they are wiser; knowledge will always predominate over ignorance, as man governs the other animals. But why their knowledge is more than ours, I know not what reason can be given, but the insearchable will of the Supreme Being (91). Nevertheless, Johnson individualizes the nations regarding their felicity, disregarding the European belief, by emphasizing that knowledge is by all resourcesRead MoreWalts Whitmans Vision of America in Leaves of Grass17685 Words à |à 71 PagesSousâ⬠©laâ⬠©directionâ⬠©dââ¬â¢Anneâ⬠©Rolandâ⬠Wurzburgerâ⬠© Gymnaseâ⬠©duâ⬠©Bugnon,â⬠©Lausanneâ⬠© 2012â⬠© à «I have sung the body and the soul, war and peace have I sung, and the songs of life and death, And the songs of birth, and shown that there are many births. I have offerd my style to every one, I have journeyd with confident step; While my pleasure is yet at the full I whisper So long!à » Walt Whitman, So Long !, Deathbed edition (1892) â⬠© 2 Waltâ⬠©Whitmanââ¬â¢sâ⬠©visionâ⬠©ofâ⬠©Americaâ⬠©inâ⬠©Leavesâ⬠©ofâ⬠©Grassâ⬠© â⬠© Contentsâ⬠© I. â⬠© Introductionâ⬠©Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 Pagesreferences. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)ââ¬âISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7 (paper : alk. paper)ââ¬âISBN 978-1-4399-0271-4 (electronic) 1. History, Modernââ¬â20th century. 2. Twentieth century. 3. Social historyââ¬â20th century. 4. World politicsââ¬â20th century. I. Adas, Michael, 1943ââ¬â II. American Historical Association. D421.E77 2010 909.82ââ¬âdc22 2009052961 The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciencesââ¬âPermanence of Paper for PrintedRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words à |à 760 PagesAcknowledgments For the 1993 edition: The following friends and colleagues deserve thanks for their help and encouragement with this project: Clifford Anderson, Hellan Roth Dowden, Louise Dowden, Robert Foreman, Richard Gould, Kenneth King, Marjorie Lee, Elizabeth Perry, Heidi Wackerli, Perry Weddle, Tiffany Whetstone, and the following reviewers: David Adams, California State Polytechnic University; Stanley Baronett, Jr., University of Nevada-Las Vegas; Shirley J. Bell, University of Arkansas at Monticello; Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-10833761353659160442019-12-30T02:05:00.001-08:002019-12-30T02:05:03.667-08:00Essay about Hatshepsut Fifth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth... Hatshepsut had little to fear when she claimed the throne as Egyptââ¬â¢s King in the Eighteenth Dynasty. She did not commit acts of Hubris or infernal behaviors towards her stepson Thutmosis III. On the contrary, to the belief that she was a wicked stepmother and a usurper, she protected Thutmosis IIIââ¬â¢s succession to the throne. When her husband/brother, the former king Thutmosis II died unexpectedly and left Hatshepsut with the infant successor. She dutifully protected her familiesââ¬â¢ name-claim to the throne when she became Pharaoh. Thutmosis III was still a child when she decided to succeed her husband. Thutmosis IIIââ¬â¢s biological mother was not fit to be regent to her son because of her low status. However Hatshepsut, his stepmotherâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦They could be legitimatized for the succession to the throne once they married a full blooded princess. She would become his ââ¬Å"Principle Wifeâ⬠, a title to distinguish the main wife with full royal-blood and mother to hopefully the next male heir from the lesser queens and concubines . Hatshepsut was a Crowned Princess with full royal-blood from her mother, Queen Amose. ââ¬Å"Queen Amose was descended from a royal line so ancient that her earliest known ancestor was the sunâ⬠. Therefore Hatshepsut was a direct decedent of full royal-blood. Her role in life was to originally marry her half-brother, Thutmosis II to legitimize his succession after their father Thutmosis I. She would be her brother/husbandââ¬â¢s Principle Wife and the Queen who would produce him a royal heir of full blooded royalty; hopefully a son. The Principle Wife role was an honorary position set by her ancestor who established the Eighteenth Dynasty, King Amose I . Hatshepsut perhaps learned about her ancestor and how he established a prosperous Dynasty for her family. She would have learned that women were very important. Her education about her ancestry and importance of her own blood may have contributed to her decision to become Pharaoh. The Seventeenth Dynasty was during Egyptââ¬â¢s chaotic Second Intermediate Period. Mainly Hyksos, a nomadic tribeShow MoreRelatedEgyptian Civilization And The Egyptian Empire1614 Words à |à 7 Pagesin 30 BCE. The history of ancient Egypt occurred in a three series of stable Kingdoms which are: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. In addition, Egypt s army was not equipped with bronze weapons, relying instead on copper weapons. Egyptian soldiers wore no armor. The idea behind the Egyptian empire was to create a buffer zone of people who had to pay tribute to the pharaoh. On the other side, over the timeRead MoreThe Great Nefertiti Essay1572 Words à |à 7 PagesQueen Nefertiti, the most powerful woman in Egypt since the Pharaoh Hatshepsut 100 years earlier. She was as influential as she was beautiful, being a partner in power with her king and husband, Akhenaten. Together, the couple co-reigned over Egypt attempting to completely transform Egyptian religion. Though little is known about Nefertitiââ¬â¢s early life, it is believed that she was born around 1390 B.C.E. in the royal city of Thebes. Some say she is of Egyptian blood while others believed herRead MoreThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words à |à 76 Pages The Bronze Age and the Birth of Civilization Another major shift occurred first in the plains along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the region the Greeks and Romans called Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), later in the valley of the Nile River in Egypt, and somewhat later in India and the Yellow River basin in China. Towns grew alongside villages, and some towns then grew into much larger urban centers. The urban centers, or cities, usually had monumental buildings, such as temples and fortifications Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-88387698468993904422019-12-21T21:51:00.001-08:002019-12-21T21:51:04.115-08:00How To Analyze Films Essay - 2232 Words Did you know it is more to film broadcasting than just visible viewing it? The ability to analyze films implicates closely examination of cinematography. Cinematography refers to the process in film of lighting a shot and achieving quality in the visual images that are captured. The cinematographer in any film is also known as the director of photography and may be either an artist or a technician. It is this individual who is responsible for ensuring that the images appearing on screen are presented to reflect the mood or the emotional effect and the style seen by the film director, producer, and writer as essential to conveying its meaning. The director of photography works closely with the director and interprets the action of theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦(Boggs Petrie p. 9) One aspect of eliminating impartiality is to view a film in its proper environment. Try selecting an environment that is attractive and comfortable; preferably a theater with modern stadium seating and the upmost quality projection and audio sound equipment. As comfort and sound plays an immense role in how well we appreciate an experience. While viewing films try to restrain your comments and thoughts. Take mental notes and discuss them at a later time with others who shared your cinematic journey. As restraining your comments and thoughts avoid passing bias and negative viewpoint onto others. The basic approach to analyzing films as a whole is to keep in mind that when we are watching a film we cannot freeze for analysis. We have to concentrate on the interactions of image, sound, and motion that are present. In addition we have to accumulate impressions of the film effectiveness and maintain some degree of objectivity and critical detachment. Viewing films more than once usually help our analysis becomes easier. Another asset is to view in selective screen segments that exemplify the purpose and the interrelationship. Regardless of which option: single-viewing, double-viewing, or breaking the film into segments, one can virtually use the sameShow MoreRelatedEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper New831 Words à |à 4 PagesENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper NEW To Buy This material Click below link http://www.uoptutors.com/eng-225-ash/eng-225-week-5-film-critique-final-paper-new Focus of the Final Film Critique Throughout this course, you have been compiling a blog and writing essays that analyze various elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. It is now time to combine those elements into a comprehensive analysis of one movie. You will be completing this assignment in two stages:Read MoreEng 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper836 Words à |à 4 PagesENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/eng-225/eng-225-week-5-film-critique-final-paper/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com ENG 225 Week 5 Film Critique Final Paper Focus of the Final Film Critique Throughout this course, you have been compiling a blog and writing essays that analyze various elements of film such as theme, cinematic techniques, and genre. It is now time to combine those elements into a comprehensive analysis of one movieRead MoreFilm Analysis : Movie Of A Film 1233 Words à |à 5 PagesFor anyone who has ever watched a film is a critic in some form. They judge various aspects based on personal feelings or attitudes, then state them for anybody to hear. I, the writer, am guilty of this type of film analysis. I based my ââ¬Ëreviewââ¬â¢ of a film solely on how I felt the narrative evolved or how well the acting was done. I never considered why the rhetor of film choose certain details or what might have influenced the rhetor in the first place. However, through this course I was exposedRead MoreWeek 5- Final Film Critique1421 Words à |à 6 PagesWeek 5 ââ¬â Final Film Critique Byron Phillips ENG 225 Introduction to Film Instructor Hayes 11 May 2015 FINAL FILM CRITIQUE Thereââ¬â¢s no doubt that Star Wars is one of the most impactful films of all time, having changed the movie-making game ever since it premiered in 1977. It quickly became a global phenomenon and has accumulated some of the most passionate fans in the universe. Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope is a great example to use in order to illustrate the properties discussed throughoutRead MoreEssay about Jarhead: An Instrumental Film in American War Culture 1134 Words à |à 5 Pagesconstruction of a marine. Through these themes, along with the unique perspectives offered by the characters in the film, the audience is able to gain insight into the corruption and lies that are ââ¬Å"warâ⬠. This insight ultimately helps the audience analyze the text deeper and enables them to draw the similarities in current events and dissect what they hear and see throughout the film. The mentality is a solider is addressed throughout the movie. ââ¬Å"This is my rifle. There were many like it but thisRead MoreScarface Analysis Essay1065 Words à |à 5 PagesRaj Singh Mrs. Mccormick Film Class 12 February 2012 Scarface Analysis Essay The gangster movie genre is one of the most popular among the modern movies and some of the best film directors have produced some very excellent gangster movies. For my first film analysis, I decided to analyze my favorite gangster movie of all time. The movie that I analyzed is called ââ¬Å"Scarfaceâ⬠and is directed by Brian De Palma. It was released in 1983 and is still a super hit movie today. Let me go throughRead MoreMy Beautiful Laundrette By Stephen Frear1302 Words à |à 6 Pages Stephen Frearââ¬â¢s film, My Beautiful Laundrette portrays the struggle of intersecting sexuality, ethnicity, class, race and power. Omar, son of a Pakistani immigrant, is attracted to Johnny, a white English male. Their attraction and the subsequent relationship is looked down upon, both in England and Pakistan. Omar works for his uncle who lets him take over a laundrette in London while Johnny is initially unemployed and eventually works for Omar. Together, they make the laundre tte a successfulRead MoreCinema Class : An Example Of An Efficient And Extensive Discourse Community1479 Words à |à 6 Pagesdiscourse community. Since the main goal of this community is to make films, there are plenty of opportunities provided to do just that. Film majors are often emailed exciting opportunities to go out and film things to gain experience. Thatââ¬â¢s the best part about this film class, it doesnââ¬â¢t only offer the typical lectures and readings, but also numerous opportunities to gain real filmmaking experience. In addition to making films, we get to meet real filmmakers outside of the classroom. There are frequentlyRead MoreWomen s Portrayal Of Women Essay1307 Words à |à 6 Pagesdo not analyze media leaves us vulnerable to the desensitization of the messages and ideas they perpetuate. After analyzing multiple films such as Whiplash, Birdman, American Sniper, Snow White and the Huntsman, Project X and 21 Jump Street, Resident Evil, Underworld it was ev ident that women were negatively portrayed in films. Examples of such negative roles are that women are hypersexualized, cast in stereotypical roles and are considered less valuable because of age. Even though more films are castingRead MoreMovie Analysis : Like A Freak By Stephen Dubner And Steven Levitt920 Words à |à 4 PagesAfter taking a college class that analyzes strategy, it has opened my eyes to the true virtues of people. My project was to contrast the strategies used by two documentary directors; Joshua Fox and Phelim McAleer. Fox directed Gasland and McAleer directed FrackNation. Reading Think Like A Freak by Stephen Dubner and Steven Levitt, it was interesting to watch how both directors thought like freaks in their documentaries but it in polar opposite ways. Also, studying from the book of Strategy by Lawrence Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-73859990762437580802019-12-13T18:22:00.001-08:002019-12-13T18:22:03.163-08:00The Buddhist Architecture Free Essays The Buddhist architecture has a lot of history that comes along with the culture, India is known for being the center of Buddhism as well as the highlight Buddha teachings. Different parts of Buddha life is instilled in the architecture. According to ââ¬Å"The Buddhist Architectureâ⬠(2007), ââ¬Å"Caves or grottoes are the oldest form of the Buddhist architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on The Buddhist Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are also known as the rock-cut monasteries, which were hewn from the cliffs and rock walls of the valleys. In India, the most significant cave is Junta caves, near modern Arranged, Maharajahââ¬â¢s. â⬠(Para. Two and Four). The caves had played a large part in the history of Buddhist architecture; it was more than Just a building or even a simple rock. According to ââ¬Å"The Buddhist Architectureâ⬠(2007), ââ¬Å"Pagodas are the principle form of Buddhist architecture, which are used as religious multistory Buddhist towers, erected as a memorial or shrine. The most important factor was Consciousness, which is the ultimate reality. â⬠(Para. Two and Four). There are various buildings associated with religion, but the one that came out at the most in my search was, ââ¬Å"Amphibian Temple,â⬠this place is known or being a place where ââ¬Å"Buddhaâ⬠obtained inspiration and enlightenment. There were other temples in China called, ââ¬Å"Ethane Templeâ⬠, ââ¬Å"Lama Templeâ⬠, and â⬠Gangue Templeâ⬠these temples hold a lot of education surrounding Buddhism and what it represents, it is an important place to be visited while in China. The Elder (2008) website ââ¬Å"Numerous churches, monasteries, convents and shrines show sites connected with the earliest years of Christianity, and the life and ministry of Jesus and his disciples. The design of these constructions was affected as much by the religious traditions of the individual Christian community. Christianity was instilled in the buildings such as churches, even from the rooftop the column of a church. ââ¬Å"Plans. ?Many Early Christians shadowed the basilicas model for their new churches (up. 198, 206) and may also have used old Roman halls, baths, dwelling- houses, and even pagan temples as places of worship. Walls. ?These were still constructed according to Roman methods of using rubble or concrete, faced with plaster, brick, or stone (p. 210 B). Mosaic design was added internally (p. 21 1), and sometimes also externally on west facades; though little regard was paid to external architectural effect (p. 09). â⬠(ââ¬Å"Early Christian Architecture ââ¬â Comparative Analysisâ⬠, 1921). The walls expressed certain parts of the religion was alters, roofs and openings in a church. Some names of the buildings surrounding this architecture were, ââ¬Å"The Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem and The Church at Gal. Loused. â⬠Islamic architecture and art pie ces were in different areas that Islam either dominated or still remains dominant while still embodying Muslim precepts in its themes. The earliest architectural monument of Islam is the Dome of the Rock Jubbah al-Sahara) in Jerusalem, created in 691-92. Some Muslims believe it to be the area from which Muhammad rose to heaven. ââ¬Å"It has mosaics depicting scrolling vines and flowers, Jewels, and crowns in greens, blues, and gold. Similar in some aspects is the later Great Mosque of Damascus (built c. 705-14) the culture of Islamic Spain reached its apogee in Moorish art and architecture. The Mudà © Carlyle of Spain employed through the 18th cent. And, important until much later in time, is founded on this architecture. â⬠(ââ¬Å"Islamic Art And Architecture 2012). How to cite The Buddhist Architecture, Papers Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-21452126203653042432019-12-05T14:42:00.001-08:002019-12-05T14:42:03.815-08:00Examining the Divergence of Tone in the Travel free essay sample Human experience within nature is a broad, ever-expanding subject of study, wherein one is limited to either divulging personal experience or interpreting the validity of the experiences of others in order to gain insight. As such, nature writing takes innumerable forms, with each approaching the task of describing experience within nature in a unique way and each emphasizing a different intent. As a result, there exists a tendency to denote nature writing to an all-encompassing category and furthermore, to neglect the subtleties that serve to differentiate one nature essay from another. These nuances prove to be highly important when deciphering a writerââ¬â¢s tone and exposing the writerââ¬â¢s oftentimes overlooked intent, especially when contrasting one piece of nature writing to another, seemingly of the same topic. A shining example of this understanding can be demonstrated in an analysis of sections taken from two essays by William Bartram and Charles Waterton, respectively, which are generally sub-categorized as ââ¬Å"nature in travel writing of two early naturalists abroadâ⬠. This description, while serving its purpose of classification, lends to the incorrect assumption that both essays convey the same intent. Through an analysis of the writersââ¬â¢ respective use of descriptive language, apparent appreciation of nature, and their perception of the human speciesââ¬â¢ position within nature, it will be made evident that the two essays convey contrasting perceptions of the human experience in nature. The first point of contrast will be exemplified in their divergence in appreciation of nature, whereby purpose and acquisition underlie Watertonââ¬â¢s appreciation, while Bartram emphasizes an appreciation of nature by virtue of its existence. Secondly, the essays diverge in tone through their use of descriptive language, which contrasts Bartramââ¬â¢s deep respect for nature against Watertonââ¬â¢s respect rooted in ulterior purpose. Finally, and arguably most importantly, the tone of the essays are most evidently divergent in their respective perceptions of the human position in nature. By deciphering the subtle tones within Bartramââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Travels Through North South Carolinaâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ and Watertonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Wanderings in South Americaâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ one can establish this clear distinction between two nature essays that would be otherwise grouped together. While it cannot be denied that both Bartram and Waterton demonstrate a keen admiration and appreciation of nature in all of its elements, there remains a distinct contrast between the foundations for their respective admirations. Bartram demonstrates a deep appreciation of nature by virtue of its very existence, whereas Watertonââ¬â¢s appreciation seems to be rooted in purpose and acquisition. Further, Bartram reveres the simplicity of natural beauty, bred by the element of surprise, in such a way that it can be seen as the basis for his adoration. Whether in his description of a sudden procession of Ephemera, an immense and innumerable onslaught of alligators at dusk, or the powerful emergence of brilliantly coloured bands of fish from the mouth of ââ¬Å"the Crystal Basonâ⬠, Bartramââ¬â¢s powerful imagery serves to demonstrate the ability of the natural world to continually inspire a sense of wonder and awe in the human species. In contrast, Watertonââ¬â¢s appreciation for the natural world lies in the acquisition of species deemed to be of interest by ââ¬Å"the civilized worldâ⬠. In this way, Watertonââ¬â¢s appreciation of nature can be seen as objects of interest contributing to a greater purpose, as opposed to a singular occurrence through which the beauty is seen in the occurrence itself, separate from civilized interpretation. This is not to say that Waterton is dismissive of the natural world that he encounters, to the contrary, Waterton creates incredibly powerful imagery through his writing, of which only one who is deeply affected by his surroundings could convey. What offers such juxtaposition to Bartramââ¬â¢s essay then, is that almost all of Watertonââ¬â¢s observations of nature serve, in one way or another, his own external purposes. Upon hearing the sound of the Campanero bird, for example, Waterton expresses that he ââ¬Å"could not resist the opportunity of acquiring the Campaneroâ⬠(Waterton, p. 107). Instead of beholding the occurrence with earnest fascination, his interest is vested in an ulterior purpose, which is to acquire the bird by means of killing it for sport. The difference then, is in the respective ends to which both Bartram and Waterton aspire, which are so utterly contrasted, that they change the tone of their seemingly coinciding essays altogether. Further emphasizing the difference in tone between the two essays is each writerââ¬â¢s use of language as a descriptive mechanism. Whether it is his true intention or not, Bartramââ¬â¢s use of earnest and exploratory language reinforces in the reader a deep, and quite often neglected, respect for nature. Most evidently, this use of language is demonstrated in his observations of the movements of bands of fish with relation to ââ¬Å"the Crystal Basonâ⬠(Bartram, 74), of which he declares ââ¬Å"I raise my eyes with terror and astonishment; I look down at the fountain with anxiety, when behold them as it were emerging from the blue ether of another worldâ⬠(75). So powerful is his genuine emotional language, that the effect of his raw appreciation simply for the occurrence itself is plainly evident. On the other side of the coin, Watertonââ¬â¢s often commanding and presumptuous descriptive language establishes an anthropomorphic tone throughout his essay, suggesting the superiority of man over nature and perhaps even further, a lack of respect for the natural world. This idea is best demonstrated through his encounters, not only with animals but also with his human companions, in which an attitude of superiority is prevalent, both intellectually and physically. The intellectual aspect of his implied superiority is conveyed through Watertonââ¬â¢s interactions with his human companions, of whom he implies to be of a lower species in his referral to them as ââ¬Å"the Indianâ⬠or ââ¬Å"the negroâ⬠, just as he refers to ââ¬Å"the jaguarâ⬠or ââ¬Å"the Caymanâ⬠, for example. (Waterton, p. 111) Waterton further infers his superiority though the use of light-hearted language where it is not warranted by the often-perilous situation. This is best emphasized in his first encounter with a jaguar, wherein he commands his companion not to shoot in self-defence and instead reasons that it is not often ââ¬Å"that the traveller is favoured with an undisturbed sight of the jaguarâ⬠(106). This light-hearted language in the face of danger additionally serves to contrast Bartramââ¬â¢s description of his own reactions to similar circumstances, which is best expressed in the associative language that the two authors use in describing their confrontations with alligators. While both respectively emphasize the power of the alligators, using descriptive words such as ââ¬Å"monstersâ⬠(Bartram, 69) and ââ¬Å"hideous and malicious reptilesâ⬠(Waterton, 113), Waterton uses associative words like ââ¬Å"love at first sightâ⬠(114) to describe his encounter with the caiman and ââ¬Å"disappointmentâ⬠(109) or ââ¬Å"doubtfulâ⬠(108) when explaining his failure to lure it to him. Conversely, Bartram expresses a much more plausible reaction to potential encounters with the alligators, through the use of associative words like ââ¬Å"dreadfulâ⬠or ââ¬Å"apprehensionsâ⬠(Bartram, 67) and ââ¬Å"truly frightfulâ⬠(70) when describing his actual encounters with them. The strikingly different use of language between the two writers when describing similar, perilous situations exhibits the style of writing that each has adopted; Bartramââ¬â¢s being more conceivable to the reader and Watertonââ¬â¢s taking on a more far-fetched quality. The differing styles of writing that Bartram and Waterton adhere to, also serve to exemplify their own perceptions of their position in nature. As has been acknowledged previously in this analysis, Watertonââ¬â¢s writing style conveys an anthropomorphic tone and continually asserts his position in nature as being based around preconceived notions about the superior ability of man over other species. Contrary to this, Bartram writing style indicates that he asserts his position in nature as it occurs, acknowledging genuine reactions and emotions and acting on them as they come to him. This idea can be exemplified not only by the description of events that occur, but also by the associated mechanisms that both writers chose to express afterthought about the associated event. In the case of Bartramââ¬â¢s essay, one such occurrence is in his descriptive observations of the procession of Ephemera (Mayfly) at the time of their mating. Bartram makes clear the wonder and sense of awe that these species evoke in him, upon witnessing them ââ¬Å"particularly when they appear in the fly stateâ⬠(66). It is in his additional commentary on the event, following his description of the experience itself, that Bartram infers his perception of mans position with respect to nature. Adopting a somewhat existential tone, Bartram praises the complexity of the Ephemeraââ¬â¢s short existence, further emphasizing his admiration for the embracing of their brief period of happiness, of which he declares, ââ¬Å"what a lesson doth it not afford us of the vanity of our own pursuits! â⬠(66) The same indication of perceived human position in nature can also be found in Watertonââ¬â¢s essay, most apparently in his description ofà his conquering of the caiman alligator. In describing his experience, Waterton never alludes to the caiman evoking any fear within him or taking him by surprise, but rather emphasizes the fear that he instils upon the alligator, ââ¬Å"[b]y the time the Cayman was within two yards of me, I saw he was in a state of fear and perturbationâ⬠(Waterton, 115). B y emphasizing a complete lack of apprehension in the face of what he denotes to be a ââ¬Ëââ¬Ëmonstrum, horrendum, informe,ââ¬â¢ [Horrible monster, void of formââ¬â¢]â⬠(114), he solidifies the inference of his own and further, manââ¬â¢s superiority over all other species. Waterton makes use of supplementary inserts, as means of an external aside, to further enforce his perceived position in nature. Amidst the description of his experience with the caiman, for example, Waterton references ancient Greek mythological figures to compare his experience to, describing his confrontation as potentially ââ¬Å"more perilous than Arionââ¬â¢s marine morning rideâ⬠(115). In doing so, Waterton again implies manââ¬â¢s dominance over other species, not based on his actual experience but by referencing examples outside of his own experience. While the all-encompassing denotation of nature writing is often implied, this method neglects the importance of distinguishing the intents of the writer when describing their experiences in nature. The tone in nature writing, however, is often overlooked in favour of classifying the essay based on the topic that is being described. More often than not, taking the time to decipher the overall tone of an essay reveals that two or more seemingly similar topics can be approached from a vast field of differing intent. By analyzing the subtleties in William Bartramââ¬â¢s essay, ââ¬Å"Travels Through North and South Carolinaâ⬠against Charles Watertonââ¬â¢s essay ââ¬Å"Wanderings in South Americaâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ it becomes evident that the two essays, while both describing nature in travel abroad, are strikingly divergent in their respective tones. Differentiating between the tone of two or more works of nature writing serves to emphasize the error inherent in classification based merely on broad topics. This commonly overlooked error reinforces misconception about the intention of the writerââ¬â¢s experience in nature. Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-4993491689970005042019-11-28T16:01:00.001-08:002019-11-28T16:01:03.788-08:00Letter to Friend Congratulating on Sucess free essay sample It gives me great pleasure that you have topped the list of successful candidates in the Board Examination. It is all the more delightful to learn that you have secured distinction in all the subjects and in Mathematics you have secured 99% marks. Your grand success is a matter of pride for your family, friends, teachers and our school as well. It is, in fact, the result of your hard work and dedication, sacrifice and concentration. You have been very consistent all along your studies. You never ignored your studies. It has paid well now. Indeed, it is a moment of celebration particularly for your parents who have been very careful for all your needs and comforts. This success has opened up the door to various opportunities for your career. You can get admission in any of the good colleges in India. A bright future awaits you. Your bright success has secured your career. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter to Friend Congratulating on Sucess or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Again my heartiest congratulations on the happy occasion I am confident you will maintain this performance in future. Keep upthespiritand be careful to your health and performance. We will met soon to have a treat. With lots of good wishes for a bright future. Yours sincerely, Rishika My Dear Pramod, I am glad to see your result in todayââ¬â¢s Rakasthan Patrika. Your outstanding performance in the RAS examination has secured you a good rank. I conveyed this happy news to my father who was sitting beside me. He too was overjoyed. I thank god for his kindness and wish you a bright future. You have been intelligent and diligent in your school and college days. Certainly, your success is due to godââ¬â¢s grace as well as your hard work and timely guidance of your respected parents. Keep it up! You will be of great asset to your family and more over to this nation. Please guide your sister also to overcome her IAS examinations which are due in November. Please convey my respectful compliments to your parents. Again, congratulations to you! Yours sincerely, Raj Kumar Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-88719854156239746872019-11-24T23:36:00.001-08:002019-11-24T23:36:05.304-08:00Conflict and Negotiations EssaysConflict and Negotiations Essays Conflict and Negotiations Essay Conflict and Negotiations Essay I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Conflict is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to be negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. It also encompasses a wide range of conflicts that people experience in organizations. Conflicts are usually caused by poor communication, lack of openness and failure to respond to employee needs. Human Relations View Conflict as the belief that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group. While Interactionist View Conflict as the belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively. There are at least three Types of Conflicts: Task Conflicts or Conflicts over content and goals of the work; Relationship Conflicts or conflicts based on interpersonal relationships and; Process Conflicts or conflict over how work gets done. There are five stages of conflict and they are as follows ââ¬â Stage 1: Potential opposition or incompatibility, Stage 2: Cognition and Personalization; Stage 3: Intentions; Stage 4: Behavior and finally; Stage 5: Outcomes. Negotiation in definition is a process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them. There are two BARGAINING STRATEGIES that you can employ during negotiations: (1) Distributive Bargaining or the negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation and; (2) Integrative Bargaining or the negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution. There are also steps to be followed in ensuring a successful egotiation process ââ¬â Step 1: Preparation and planning; Step 2: Definition of ground rules; Step 3: Classification and justification; Step 4: Bargaining and Problem Solving and; Step 5: Closure and implementation Finally there are five CONFLICT-HANDLING INTENTIONS: Competition, Collaboration, Avoidance, Accommodation, Compromise II. OBJECTIVES ? At the end of this report, the group ensures that the audience will be able to: 1. Define conflict. 2. Differentiate between the traditional, human relations, and interactionist views of conflict. 3. Contrast task, relationship, and process conflict. 4. Outline the conflict process. 5. Describe the five conflict-handling intentions. 6. Contrast distributive and integrative bargaining. 7. Identify the five steps in the negotiating process. 8. Describe cultural differences in negotiations. III. CONFLICT IN DEFINITION ââ¬â A process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. Is that point in an ongoing activity when an interaction ââ¬Å"crosses overâ⬠to become an interparty conflict. ââ¬â Encompasses a wide range of conflicts that people experience in organizations Incompatibility of goals Differences over interpretations of facts Disagreements based on behavioral expectations Transitions in Conflict Thought ââ¬â The belief that all conflict is harmful and must be avoided. Causes: ââ¬â Poor communication ââ¬â Lack of openness ââ¬â Failure to respond to employee needs Human Relations View of Conflict ââ¬â The belief that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group. Interactionist View of Conflict ââ¬â The belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but that it is absolutely necessary for a group to perform effectively. Functional versus Dysfunctional Conflict Functional Conflict ââ¬â Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance. Dysfunctional Conflict ââ¬â Conflict that hinders group performance Types of Conflict 1. Task Conflict ââ¬â Conflicts over content and goals of the work. 2. Relationship Conflict ââ¬â Conflict based on interpersonal relationships. 3. Process Conflict ââ¬â Conflict over how work gets done. IV. THE CONFLICT PROCESS [pic] Stage I: Potential Opposition or Incompatibility ââ¬â Communication ââ¬â Semantic difficulties, misunderstandings, and ââ¬Å"noiseâ⬠ââ¬â Structure ââ¬â Size and specialization of jobs Jurisdictional clarity/ambiguity ââ¬â Member/goal incompatibility ââ¬â Leadership styles (close or participative) ââ¬â Reward systems (win-lose) ââ¬â Dependence/interdependence of groups ââ¬â Personal Variables ââ¬â Differing individual value systems ââ¬â Personality types Stage II: Cognition and Personalization Perceived Conflict ââ¬â Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise. Felt Conflict ââ¬â Emotional involvement in a conflict creating anxiety, tenseness, frustration, or hostility. [pic] Stage III: Intentions Intentions ââ¬â Decisions to act in a given way. Cooperativeness: ââ¬â Attempting to satisfy the other partyââ¬â¢s concerns. Assertiveness: ââ¬â Attempting to satisfy oneââ¬â¢s own concerns. Dimensions of Conflict-Handling Intentions [pic] Competing ââ¬â A desire to satisfy oneââ¬â¢s interests, regardless of the impact on the other party to the conflict. Collaborating ââ¬â A situation in which the parties to a conflict each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties. Avoiding ââ¬â The desire to withdraw from or suppress a conflict. Accommodating ââ¬â The willingness of one party in a conflict to place the opponentââ¬â¢s interests above his or her own. Compromising A situation in which each party to a conflict is willing to give up something. Stage IV: Behavior Conflict Management ââ¬â The use of resolution and stimulation techniques to achieve the desired level of conflict. Conflict-Intensity Continuum [pic] Conflict Management Techniques 1. Problem solving 2. Superordinate goals 3. Expansion of resources 4. Avoidance 5. Smoothing 6. Compromise 7. Authoritative command 8. Altering the human variable 9. Altering the structural variables 10. Communication 11. Bringing in outsiders 12. Restructuring the organization 13. Appointing a devilââ¬â¢s advocate Stage V: Outcomes Functional Outcomes from Conflict ââ¬â Increased group performance ââ¬â Improved quality of decisions ââ¬â Stimulation of creativity and innovation ââ¬â Encouragement of interest and curiosity ââ¬â Provision of a medium for problem-solving ââ¬â Creation of an environment for self-evaluation and change Creating Functional Conflict ââ¬â Reward dissent and punish conflict avoiders. Dysfunctional Outcomes from Conflict ââ¬â Development of discontent ââ¬â Reduced group effectiveness ââ¬â Retarded communication ââ¬â Reduced group cohesiveness ââ¬â Infighting among group members overcomes group goals V. NEGOTIATION IN DEFINITION ââ¬â A process in which two or more parties exchange goods or services and attempt to agree on the exchange rate for them. BATNA ââ¬â The Best Alternative To a Negotiated Agreement; the lowest acceptable value (outcome) to an individual for a negotiated agreement. VI. BARGAINING STRATEGIES Distributive Bargaining ââ¬â Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win-lose situation. Integrative Bargaining ââ¬â Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win-win solution. Distributive Versus Integrative Bargaining [pic] Staking Out the Bargaining Zone [pic] VII. THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS [pic] VIII. ISSUES IN NEGOTIATION The Role of Personality Traits in Negotiation ââ¬â Traits do not appear to have a significantly direct effect on the outcomes of either bargaining or negotiating processes. Gender Differences in Negotiations ââ¬â Women negotiate no differently from men, although men apparently negotiate slightly better outcomes. ââ¬â Men and women with similar power bases use the same negotiating styles. ââ¬â Womenââ¬â¢s attitudes toward negotiation and their success as negotiators are less favorable than menââ¬â¢s. IX. THIRD-PARTY NEGOTIATIONS Mediator ââ¬â A neutral third party who facilitates a negotiated solution by using reasoning, persuasion, and suggestions for alternatives. Arbitrator ââ¬â A third party to a negotiation who has the authority to dictate an agreement. Conciliator ââ¬â A trusted third party who provides an informal communication link between the negotiator and the opponent. Consultant ââ¬â An impartial third party, skilled in conflict management, who attempts to facilitate creative problem solving through communication and analysis. X. GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS Conflict and Culture ââ¬â Japanese and U. S. managers view conflict differently ââ¬â U. S. managers more likely to use competing tactics while Japanese managers are likely to use compromise and avoidance Cultural Differences in Negotiations ââ¬â Multiple cross-cultural studies on negotiation styles, for instance: ââ¬â American negotiators are more likely than Japanese bargainers to make a first offer ââ¬â North Americans use facts to persuade, Arabs use emotion, and Russians used asserted ideals ââ¬â Brazilians say ââ¬Å"noâ⬠more often than Americans or Japanese XI. CONFLICT AND UNIT PERFORMANCE [pic] XII. CONFLICT-HANDLING INTENTION Conflict-Handling Intention: Competition ââ¬â When quick, decisive action is vital (in emergencies); on important issues. ââ¬â Where unpopular actions need implementing (in cost cutting, enforcing unpopular rules, discipline). ââ¬â On issues vital to the organizationââ¬â¢s welfare. ââ¬â When you know youââ¬â¢re right. ââ¬â Against people who take advantage of noncompetitive behavior. Conflict-Handling Intention: Collaboration ââ¬â To find an integrative solution when both sets of concerns are too important to be compromised. ââ¬â When your objective is to learn. ââ¬â To merge insights from people with different perspectives. To gain commitment by incorporating concerns into a consensus. ââ¬â To work through feelings that have interfered with a relationship. Conflict-Handling Intention: Avoidance ââ¬â When an issue is trivial, or more important issues are pressing. ââ¬â When you perceive no chance of satisfying your concerns. ââ¬â When potential disruption outweighs the benefits of resolution. ââ¬â To let people cool down and regain perspective. ââ¬â When gathering information supersedes immediate decision. ââ¬â When others can resolve the conflict effectively ââ¬â When issues seem tangential or symptomatic of other issues. Conflict-Handling Intention: Accommodation ââ¬â When you find youââ¬â¢re wrong and to allow a better position to be heard. ââ¬â To learn, and to show your reasonableness. ââ¬â When issues are more important to others than to yourself and to satisfy others and maintain cooperation. ââ¬â To build social credits for later issues. ââ¬â To minimize loss when outmatched and losing. ââ¬â When harmony and stability are especially important. ââ¬â To allow employees to develop by learning from mistakes. Conflict-Handling Intention: Compromise ââ¬â When goals are important but not worth the effort of potential disruption of more assertive approaches. When opponents with equal power are committed to mutually exclusive goals. ââ¬â To achieve temporary settlements to complex issues. ââ¬â To arrive at expedient solutions under time pressure. ââ¬â As a backup when collaboration or competition is unsuccessful. XIII. REFERENCES ââ¬â Robbins, Stephen P . Organizational Behavior, 11th ed. Prentice Hall Inc, 2006 ââ¬â Robbins and Judge Organizational Behavior, 13th ed. Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall, 2009 ââ¬â Thomas, ââ¬Å"Conflict and Negotiation Processes in Organizations,â⬠ââ¬â M. D. Dunnette and L. M. Hough (eds. , Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed. , vol. 3 (Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press, 1992), p. 668. ââ¬â S. P. Robbins, Managing Organizational Conflict: A Nontraditional Approach (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1974), pp. 93ââ¬â97; and ââ¬â F. Glasi, ââ¬Å"The Process of Conflict Escalation and the Roles of Third Parties,â⬠ââ¬â G. B. J. Bomers and R. Peterson (eds. ), Conflict Management and Industrial Relations (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1982), pp. 119ââ¬â40. Attachment 1: Negotiation Bargaining, Filipino Style Negotiating Filipino Style xcerpt from the book ââ¬Å"Negotiating International Business The Nego tiatorââ¬â¢s Reference Guide to 50 Countries Around the Worldâ⬠by Lothar Kat (updated April 2010) ? Leveraging relationships is an important element ? usually a joint problem-solving process. ? While the buyer is in a superior position, both sides in a business deal own the responsibility to reach agreement ? primary negotiation style is cooperative ? Maintaining harmonious relationships throughout the process is vitally important ? disapprove of competitiveness and strive to find win-win solutions Information is rarely shared freely, since the locals believe that privileged information creates bargaining advantages ? humility is a virtue in the Philippinesââ¬â¢ business culture ? Excessive promotions may be taken as lies and could seriously damage your counterpartââ¬â¢s trust in you ? Expect negotiations to be slow and protracted (Relationship building, information gathering, bargaining, and decision making all take considerable time) ? Filipinos have a lower sense o f urgency than a Westerner may be accustomed to ? Filipinos generally employ a polychronic work style (vs. onochronic cultures, such as Germany, the United Kingdom, or the United State) Bargaining Filipino Style ? Most Filipinos love bargaining and haggling ? They expect to do a lot of it during a negotiation and may be offended if you refuse to play along ? The bargaining stage of a negotiation can be extensive ? Filipinos may prefer to respond to your inputs rather than presenting ideas ? While they will eventually open up to new ideas, they do not easily change their opinions of their own ? prices often move more than 40 percent between initial offers and final agreement Filipinos generally prefer a straightforward negotiation style ? they also use deceptive techniques (telling lies and sending fake non-verbal messages, initially pretending to be disinterested in the whole deal or in single concessions, misrepresenting an itemââ¬â¢s value, or making false demands and concessio ns) ? do not use ââ¬Ëgood cop, bad copââ¬â¢ ? not likely to use the ââ¬Ëlimited authorityââ¬â¢ technique (groups, rather than individuals, normally make decisions) ? Do not use tactics such as applying time pressure or making expiring offers, could be viewed as signs that you are not willing to build a long-term Periods of silence are frequent and usually reflect a natural inclination rather than the intentional use of a negotiation technique ? Avoid pressure tactics such as opening with your best offer ? negotiators may sometimes use emotional techniques (such as attitudinal bargaining, attempting to make you feel guilty, grimacing, or appealing to personal relationships) ? defensive tactics such as blocking, distracting or changing the subject, asking probing questions, or making promises may be used ? fine line between giving gifts and bribing (What you may consider a bribe, a Filipino may view as only a nice gift) Conflicts and disputes that may arise during a negoti ation can be difficult to resolve because Filipinos prefer to ignore or deny them ? When making decisions, Filipinos usually consider the specific situation rather than applying universal principles. ? Personal feelings and experiences weigh much more strongly than empirical evidence and other objective facts do. ? Most Filipinos are moderate risk takers Conflict and negotiations Events and Systems March 20, 2011 Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6225480991695171557.post-21375104152195662822019-11-21T08:30:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:30:16.114-08:00Reflective writing .. Developing the Professional EssayReflective writing .. Developing the Professional - Essay Example These developments are an explanation of my progress as recorded in the draft of this essay and in the assessment in Assignment 1. I shall base this reflection essay on Kolbââ¬â¢s Learning Cycle, since it was my guide throughout this module. Kolbââ¬â¢s learning Cycle helped me considerably in understanding the different components of effective learning, which I applied throughout this semester. My application of the Kolbââ¬â¢s cycle of learning was not only in this module, but also on the other modules that I covered this semester. Aside from explaining the responses, I shall also go through a number of interesting topics that we covered in class, sharing the most captivating segments. My reflection shall also bring out my experiences during group work. I shall also highlight how the experiences contributed to my development. In so doing, I shall employ the use of frameworks, models and theories within the module to communicate my understanding and development throughout my studies in this module. The information in this reflection shall be my honest assessment of myself as recorded in the documents attached in the Appendix section of this paper. One of the most interesting topics in this module, according to me, is Active Learning. This topic was a revelation, considering the fact that even during my undergraduate program; I was not exposed to knowledge on how different individuals are with regard to learning styles, values and personality. I understood that the process of learning depended much on the personality that a person has (Burbank, 2008).This revelation changed my approach to learning, making me develop a positive attitude towards learning new things, regardless of how difficult they appeared. This topic also helped me to understand the difference that my learning style had compared to my classmates, and how as a member of a study group I could help turn this diversity into a powerful tool for Aubrie Sissonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05682447243761351665noreply@blogger.com0